Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
production methods and agricultural practice, whereas meteorology but also agri-
cultural practice affects the temporal variations. Furthermore, the emission of NH
3
is related to different anthropogenic activities and sources (especially agriculture)
throughout the year. The overall NH
3
emission is therefore highly depending on
location and time of the year due to differences in climate and anthropogenic
activities between regions. The emissions of NH
3
may be grouped in the following
source categories:
Agricultural sources:
• Point sources, i.e. animal houses, manure storages and “slurry lakes” (e.g. [
17
])
• Application of manure and mineral fertiliser to soil and growing fields (e.g. [
18
])
• Grazing animals (e.g. [
19
])
Other sources including plants [
20
] such as legumes [
15
] and vegetation during
management and senescence [
21
,
22
].
Nonagricultural sources:
• Wild animals [
23
,
24
]
• Catalyst processes, mainly related to road traffic (e.g. [
25
,
26
])
• Manufacturing processes such as production of fertiliser, glass wool, catalysts
and cement
• Humans, pets and sewage systems [
24
,
27
]
• Other sources such as landfill and non-anthropogenic sources including natural
fires from ecosystems [
28
,
29
]
• Reemission from plants due to compensation point [
30
,
31
]
• Emission from sea surfaces [
32
,
33
]
The last two are not accounted for in this chapter, whereas the other source
categories are described in detail in the following. In this description of these
categories focus is on parameterisation of spatial and temporal variations and here
taking outset in the methodology developed for the Danish area [
15
,
34
]thatistobe
extended to European coverage within the FP7 project ECLAIRE [
6
,
11
]during
2011-2015. This methodology is currently considered as the best and most advanced
of its kind [
35
], and it has furthermore the advantage that it to some degree is based on
generalised physical properties such as volatilisation. It has been derived from
European-based studies on agricultural activities in relation to buildings and the
interior climatic conditions in these buildings [
36
,
37
]. The parameterisations have
been derived for chemistry-transport models (CTMs), and up to now they have been
implemented in the long-range transport models, ACDEP [
16
,
38
], DEHM [
6
]and
the EMEP models [
39
,
40
], and the local-scale model, OML-DEP [
41
].
2.1 Animal Houses and Manure Storages
Significant variations in NH
3
emissions are found in different types of animals and
housings [
42
]. These variations are related to amount of TAN in the manure, stable
temperature, ventilation rate and local ambient wind speeds. Highly complex
