Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
a
b
c
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0
10
20
30
40
2000
0
20
0
4
0
0
60
0
8
00
2000
2000
1975
1990
1990
1950
1980
1980
1925
1970
1970
1900
1960
1960
1875
1850
1950
1950
1825
1940
1940
1800
1930
1930
HCB
DDE
sum PCB
1775
PAH
sum PCB
1920
1920
1750
Fig. 11 Downcore concentrations (ng/g) of
PAH (a) and OCs (b) in a sediment core from the
High Tatras (46.163
N; 20.106
E) (adapted from [
50
,
51
]) (c) concentrations of
∑
PAH (mg/g)
∑
and
PCB (
m
g/g) from a peat core in the flaxmere bog in northwestern UK (adapted from [
6
])
∑
5 Atmospheric POP Levels in Europe in the Twenty-First
Century
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, atmospheric POP concentrations in
the European Union are measured regularly in different sites of Europe as part of
scientific projects or regular atmospheric monitoring programmes, such as the
European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) driven under the Con-
vention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution of the United Nations (UN-
LRTAP). This monitoring programme is similar to the one run in the Arctic region
[Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)] or other programmes
existing at regional or national scale, such as TOMPS in UK, NJADN in New
Jersey, USA and CBADS in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Moreover, national govern-
mental institutions report to the European Commission their national estimates on
POP emissions, which are published annually by the European Environmental
Agency.
Obviously, uncertainties are inherent to measurements of atmospheric POPs and
emission estimates. Furthermore, the coverage of monitoring stations may not
encompass all different European environments [
78
,
79
]. Nevertheless, the
published data gives an appraisal of the atmospheric POP concentrations over the
European continent. As an example, the year-round trend of PCB concentration and
Fig. 10 (continued) phenanthrene,
ANT
anthracene,
FLA
fluoranthene,
PYR
pyrene,
BANT
benz
[
a
]anthracene,
CRY
+
TRIP
chrysene + triphenylene,
BBJFLA
benzo[
b
+
j
]fluoranthene,
BKFLA
benzo[
k
]fluoranthene,
BEP
benzo[
e
]pyrene,
BAP
benzo[
a
]pyrene,
PER
perylene,
IP
indeno[123-
cd
]pyrene,
BGP
benzo[
ghi
]perylene,
DBA
dibenz[
ah
]anthracene
