Biosorption of Organic Dyes: Research Opportunities and Challenges - Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater - page 323

contaminants such as metals and surfactants are present.
So, future works regarding multicomponent biosorption
(two, three or several dyes), treatment of simulated efflu-
ents and real industrial effluents are necessary.
v. About 85% of the biosorption studies are made in batch sys-
tems. These systems are good for lab-scale, but, impracticable
for industrial applications. It is evident that studies regarding
biosorption in continuous mode are necessary. Some alter-
natives are fixed bed, fluidized bed, spouted bed and others.
vi. Several biosorption studies were made in lab-scale. Thus,
another point which should be highlighted is the scale-up
of the biosorption processes.
vii. A current problem in the biosorption field is the phase
separation after the process. Generally, filtration and cen-
trifugation are employed, but these unit operations are
expensive from an industrial viewpoint. The development
of biosorbents and operations to facilitate the phase separa-
tion after the biosorption process is desirable.
viii. The development and application of predictive mathemati-
cal models, which explain in detail the biosorption process,
are crucial at this actual stage.
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