Photocatalytic Processes for the Removal of Dye - Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater - page 176

Table 5.17 Comparison of adsorption capacities of palm waste-based materials.

Modification Surface

Area
( m 2 g -1 )

Dye Type pH Adsorption

Capacity
( mg . g -1 )

Ref.

N/A … Methylene Blue 6.3 39.5 [81]

N/A … Methylene Blue 7.1 655.9 [96]

N/A … Azo Dye 5 38.6 [97]

N/A … Methyl Violet 10 96.3 [98]

N/A … Basic Yellow 21 … 327.6 [125]

Besic Red 22 180.3

Basic Blue 3 91.3

Basic Red 18 242 [126]

N/A … Methylene Blue 7 95.4 [127]

Crystal Violet 78.9

Carbonization - KOH -
CO 2 Activation

1354 Methylene Blue 6.5 275.7 [99]

Carbonization - KOH -
CO 2 Activation

596.2 Methylene Blue 6.5 241 [128]

Carbonization - KOH -
CO 2 Activation - HCl

… Methylene Blue 6.5 303 [129]

Carbonization - KOH -
Microwave irradiation

707.8 Methylene Blue … 312.5 [101]

Carbonization - KOH -
Microwave irradiation

1223 Methylene Blue 12 382.3 [102]

Carbonization - KOH -
Microwave irradiation

807.5 Methylene Blue 12 344.8 [130]

of this waste showed that it contains a number of functional groups, such
as N - H, C - O - H, C = O, C-N and P -H . The comparison of the detected
peaks before and after the dye adsorption process revealed the presence of
amine, carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the adsorption process. The meth-
ylene blue uptake capacity of 70.9 mg.g -1 was observed at a pH value of
7 and an adsorbent dosage of 1 . L -1 , which was further enhanced when the
pH level was increased up to 10. Cazetta et al. [109] successfully attempted
to produce high surface area activated carbon from coconut shell by a mix-
ture of chemical and physical activation methods. The waste precursor
was charred at 500 C under nitrogen atmosphere. Then the prepared char
was impregnated at NaOH at various ratios and subsequently activated at