Photocatalytic Processes for the Removal of Dye - Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater - page 168

into the pores. Table 5.14 summarizes the different adsorption capacities of
date pit-based adsorbents for dye molecules.

5.2.6 Palm Tree Waste

Palm tree is one of the most commonly grown trees in tropical regions. In
2012, the total world area of oil palm plantations exceeded 14 million hect-
ares, nearly 80% of which is located in Malaysia and Indonesia. A variety
of waste is generated either directly from the tree, such as flower, trunk and
branches, or from the residues of the oil palm industry. The large volume
of waste is due to the fact that the productive life of this tree is 25 years
and replantation should be done after this period [90]. Cellulose, hemi-
cellulose and lignin are the major components of palm-based waste and
can be used as a precursor for many different types of applications, such
as bio-oil production [91], energy generation [92], filler [93], biolubricant
synthesis [94], bioethanol production [95] and so on. In addition, a couple
of researchers have recently investigated the feasibility of pollutant removal
by this waste.

Table 5.14 Comparison of the adsorption capacities of date pit-based materials.

Modification Surface Area

( m 2 g -1 )

Dye Type pH Adsorption

Capacity
( mg.g -1 )

Ref.

N/A … Methylene Blue 6.3 43.5 [81]

N/A 80.5 Methylene Blue 4 281 [82]

N/A … Methylene Blue … 80.3 [83]

Carbonization - CO 2
Activation

17.3

ZnCl 2 - Carbonization 1045.6 Methylene Blue 7 398.2 [84]

FeCl 3 - Carbonization 780.1 Methylene Blue 7 259.2 [85]

Carbonization -
KOH - Microwave

856 Methylene Blue 6 296.5 [86]

Carbonization - Steam
activation

1040 Methylene Blue 3 220.0 [87]

Remazol Yellow 164.0

Carbonization - CO 2
Activation

666 Methylene Blue … 109.9 [88]

H 3 PO 4 -
Carbonization

725 344.8