Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
phyletic gradualism (p. 478)
punctuated equilibrium (p. 478)
species (p. 477)
theory of evolution (p. 470)
trace fossil (p. 485)
vestigial structure (p. 484)
Review Questions
1. According to the concept of _____, a new species may
evolve in a few thousand years.
a. _____ punctuated equilibrium;
b. _____ modernization;
c. _____ cospecifi c reciprocation;
d. _____ allopatric gradualism;
e. _____ neo-Darwinism.
2. Cell division in which the number of chromosomes is
reduced by one-half is
a. _____ artifi cial selection;
b. _____ divergence;
c. _____ meiosis;
d. _____ parallelism;
e. _____ cladistics.
3. Inheritance of acquired characteristics was the mecha-
nism for evolution proposed by
a. _____ Wallace;
b. _____ Smith;
c. _____ Mendel;
d. _____ Darwin;
e. _____ Lamarck.
4. One prediction of evolutionary theory is
a. _____ humans evolved from monkeys;
b. _____ species are fi xed and immutable;
c. _____ mammals should appear in the fossil record
after reptiles;
d. _____ the density of fossils determines their posi-
tion in rocks;
e. _____ features acquired during an animal's lifetime
are inheritable.
5. The diversifi cation of a species into several descendent
species is known as
a. _____ phyletic gradualism;
b. _____ allopatric speciation;
c. _____ the modern synthesis;
d. _____ divergent evolution;
e. _____ chromosomal aberration.
6. The concept holding that an organism has features
retained from the ancestral condition as well as more
recently evolved characteristics is
a. _____ natural selection;
b. _____ mosaic evolution;
c. _____ allopatric speciation;
d. _____ cladistics;
e. _____ paleontology.
7. Convergent evolution accounts for the fact that
a. _____ species evolve in a few thousands of years;
b. _____ the fossil record for clams is better than the
one for birds;
c. _____ many Australian marsupials resemble placen-
tal mammals elsewhere;
d. _____ phyletic gradualism takes place in small
populations;
e. _____ body fossils are more useful than trace fossils.
8. Evolution that takes place within a species is called
a. _____ speciation;
b. _____ mitosis;
c. _____ vestigial;
d. _____ phylogeny;
e. _____ microevolution.
9. The wings of bees and bats serve the same function, but
they are made up of different elements and have a different
embryonic development, so they are ______ structures.
a. _____ homologous;
b. _____ divergent;
c. _____ parallel;
d. _____ allopatric;
e. _____ analogous.
10. Charles Darwin and _____ proposed the theory of
natural selection.
a. _____ William Smith;
b. _____ Alfred Wallace;
c. _____ Charles Lyell;
d. _____ Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck;
e. _____ Gregor Mendel.
11. How did the experiments carried out by Gregor Men-
del help answer the questions that plagued Darwin and
Wa l l a c e ?
12. What kinds of evidence should we fi nd in the fossil
record if the theory of evolution is correct?
13. What kinds of evidence from living organisms indicate
that the theory of evolution is correct?
14. What is/are the differences(s) between inheritance of
acquired characteristics and natural selection?
15. Survival of the fi ttest implies that only the biggest,
fastest, and strongest survive to reproduce. Is this really
what natural selection is all about? Explain.
16. A cladogram shows that among carnivorous mam-
mals, cats, hyenas, and mongooses are closely related.
Yet hyenas look rather like dogs, whereas mongooses
resemble weasels. What kinds of evidence from fossils
and living animals would lend credence to the idea that
these three animals constitute a clade?
17. Draw three cladograms showing the possible relation-
ships among sharks, whales, and bears. Which clado-
gram best depicts the relationships among these animals,
and what crieteria did you use to make your decision?
18. How do convergent evolution and parallel evolution
compare? Give an example of each.
19. What is the distinction between microevolution and
macroevolution?
20. How does the rate at which evolution takes place help
explain the concept of mosaic evolution?
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