Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
5. Exfoliation domes form by a mechanical weathering
process called
a. _____ pressure release;
b. _____ salt crystal growth;
c. _____ hydrolysis;
d. _____ regression;
e. _____ granitization.
6. Lithifi cation involves compaction and
a. _____ oxidation;
b. _____ carbonization;
c. _____ cementation;
d. _____ graded bedding;
e. _____ degradation.
7. A deposit of sand in which all of the particles are nearly
the same size is characterized as
a. _____ well sorted;
b. _____ carbonate;
c. _____ angular;
d. _____ spheroidal;
e. _____ moderately lithifi ed.
8. A marine transgression yields a vertical sequence
a. _____ of rounded domes of rock with sheet joints;
b. _____ that includes interlayered igneous and meta-
morphic rocks;
c. _____ with offshore facies overlying nearshore facies;
d. _____ of evaporates, granite, and parent material;
e. _____ of delta deposits overlain by turbidites.
9. Dolostone forms from limestone when
a. _____ horizon A is eroded leaving horizon B exposed;
b. _____ magnesium replaces some of the calcium in
limestone;
c. _____ organic matter accumulates in a swamp;
d. _____ volcanic rocks are adjacent to sedimentary
rocks;
e. _____ seawater evaporates and calcium sulfate is
deposited.
10. The unconsolidated material covering much of Earth's
land surface, as well as most of the seafl oor, is called
a. _____ regolith;
b. _____ conglomerate;
c. _____ limestone;
d. _____ rock gypsum;
e. _____ parent material.
11. How do climate, particle size, and parent material con-
trol the rate of chemical weathering?
12. Describe two sedimentary structures that can be used
to determine ancient current directions.
13. How is it possible to determine how sedimentary rocks
were deposited given that no human observers were
present to witness their deposition?
14. Explain how deposits of mud and sand are lithifi ed.
15. What are residual concentrations and how do they
form? Are any of them valuable?
16. How can you account for the fact that some of the
rock layers in Figure 6.28b have steep slopes, whereas
others have gentle slopes? Also, given that limestone
is soluble in the presence of acidic groundwater, why
does the Muav Limestone have such a bold exposure at
this location?
17. Why do people in tropical areas practice slash-and-
burn agriculture?
18. How do the following pairs of detrital sedimentary
rocks compare? Conglomerate and sedimentary
breccia; quartz sandstone and arkose.
19. What are the similarities between the mechanical weath-
ering processes frost wedging and salt crystal growth?
20. Suppose you encounter the sedimentary rocks shown
in the illustration below. Interpret the geologic history
of this area as thoroughly as possible. (An answer is
provided at the end of the topic.)
Sandstone: Well-sorted, well-
rounded sand; cross-beds to
10 m high; current ripples;
land mammal tracks
Limestone
All with fossil
corals, clams,
and sea lilies
Shale
Sandstone
100 m
Mudstone and siltstone
with lenses of sandstone.
Dinosaur fossils.
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