Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
15.17
Specific biogas upgrading costs for PSA based on price
indications and warranty values according to [16] (Copyright:
Fraunhofer IWES, 2012).
.
Specific energy consumptions (with respect to 55% and 65% methane
concentrations in the raw gas flow) and methane recovery rates based on
warranty values [14-17, 45].
.
Personal costs for each method and plant size of 35
/h, 1 h/day.
€
.
Precision desulphurization (if required): H
2
S reduction by 100 ppm, 5
€
per m
n
3
raw gas upgrading capacity and year (includes costs for
activated carbon [51], costs for the disposal of loaded coal as hazardous
waste and carrying costs [52]).
Variations are made for methane concentrations in the raw biogas of 55%
and 65%, depending on the upgrading method for electricity (12-18 cent/
kWh
el
) and heat costs (3-5 cent/kWh
th
). Costs for further treatment steps
(e.g. separation of siloxanes or NH
3
) are not considered. All values are
based on full operation mode; part load operation is not considered. The
sale of low-temperature heat provided by heat uncoupling of compressor
cooling, off-gas treatment or cooling of absorption solution is also not
considered.
Figure 15.17 shows specific upgrading costs for raw gas upgrading
capacities in the range 350-2800 m
n
3
/h for a PSA system. Precision
desulphurization has been considered. The calculations are based on specific
electricity demands of 0.17 kWh
el
/m
n
3
(65% CH
4
) and 0.18 kWh
el
/m
n
3
(55% CH
4
) both related to raw gas, methane recovery rates of 98.5% and
product gas pressures of 2 bar.
Figure 15.18 shows specific upgrading costs for raw gas upgrading
capacities of 300-1400 m
n
3
/h for a water scrubber system. Precision
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