Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
mixing purpose, and models have been developed to predict flow
behaviour in the digester (CFD programs). These models have yet to be
approved and standardised for different feedstock, digester and agitator
types.
.
Small-scale digestion concepts. Small-scale biogas projects (
100 kW)
are often abandoned after the first economic calculations due to
investment costs that are too high in comparison to the benefits.
Nevertheless, biogas plant constructors are starting to propose low-cost
small-scale concepts, aimed particularly at animal slurry processing. The
technical and economic efficiency of these systems is yet to be evaluated.
<
.
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The objective of MBRs is to improve
the efficiency of digestion reactors and reduce reactor volumes. Solid
matter is separated from the feedstock, and only the liquid fraction
enters the digester. The effluent passes through an ultrafiltration unit,
separating water and active biomass, and the latter is returned to the
digester. Substrates with low dry matter content, such as slurry or
sewage sludge, could become more interesting substrates for biogas
production. At present, MBRs are not an approved technology in the
field of anaerobic digestion. Research towards their standardisation is
ongoing.
8.9
Sources of further information and advice
Information on plant design and engineering is given mainly in German
literature, due to the strong development of the biogas sector in German-
speaking regions. Topics and brochures with further information and
illustrations are as follows.
Eder and Schulz (2006) give detailed design and engineering explanations, complete
with checklists, examples and exercises (in German).
Deublein and Steinhauser (2011) give wide information on plant components (in
English).
Al Seadi et al. (2008) offer broad information on plant components (in English).
CLA publication 49 (CLA, 2009) gives details on technology, plant sizing, costs and
regulatory framework. The document gives illustrations with case studies and
legal information and costs applying specifically to Great Britain (in English).
Go¨ risch and Helm (2006) present technical data and descriptions of frequent
damages and rehabilitation possibilities (in German and French).
FNR (2010) gives technical data and explanations on what, when and by whom the
different steps of a project are accomplished. Legal information and proceedings
apply specifically to Germany (in German).
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