Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
H1:
G
FE
RS
H2:
G
FE
RS
H3:
G
RS
FE
H4:
G
RS
FE
H5:
G
RS
FE
H6:
G
RS
FE
Figure 5.8.
Disentangling the ef ects of genotype (G), foraging experience (FE),
and response to sugar (RS). Given that there are genotypic dif erences in
foraging behavior and in responsiveness to sugar, there are six dif erent cause-
and- ef ect hypotheses (H1 to H6) that can explain the relationship between
foraging behavior and RS. Directions of the arrows show the hypothesized
direction of causality.
low-strain pollen and nonpollen (presumably nectar) foragers. h ey were
collected as they returned to the hive from a foraging trip and were tested
for their response to a single stimulus of 30 percent sucrose solution by
touching a droplet to their antennae. High-strain foragers responded by
extending the proboscis signii cantly more ot en than did low-strain
foragers. High-strain pollen foragers responded 48 percent of the time,
low-strain pollen foragers 25 percent, high-strain nonpollen foragers 30
percent, and low-strain nonpollen foragers 17 percent. High- and low-
strain nonpollen foragers were signii cantly dif erent, but the sample size
for low-strain pollen foragers was too low for statistical analyses, with
just 4 of 93 foragers collecting pollen. h at too few low-strain bees
