Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
100
100
90
90
k=10, n=1
k=10, n=5
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
50
60
70
80
90
100
50
60
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80
90
100
100
100
90
90
k=10, n=2
k=10, n=10
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
50
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100
50
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100
Viability (V)
Figure 4.3.
Distribution of brood viability among queens of a population based
on the number of times they mate
(n).
It is assumed that there are 10 sex alleles at
equal frequencies in the population. Reprinted from Page and Metcalf 1982.
Multiple mating, sperm utilization, and social evolution.
Am. Nat.
119:263-281,
Fig. 2, with permission from University of Chicago Press.
average brood viability is 90 percent because 20 percent of the queens
have half their diploid larvae homozygous, resulting in 10 percent dip-
loid males, and 80 percent of the queens have 100 percent female brood,
so (0.2 × 0.5) + (0.80 × 1.00) = 0.90 (90 percent).
4.2.3 Mating and Fitness
So far, I have shown a mechanism for maintaining genetic variation
in the population against directional selection, the requirement that
females have two dif erent sex alleles. I have also shown how the number
