Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Multidimensional effect of climate change pays paramount impact on dis-
ease development on agricultural crops. The kind of pathogenic species
and their growth trend determine the magnitude of this impact. After a
series of 'breath-less efforts' mankind has now recognized that change in
climate is drastically affecting plants covering the globe by developing
diseases in new unwanted condition developed through air, water and soil
pollution. This chapter focuses on various air pollutants influencing quite
a few phytopathosystems. The most possible impact of change in atmo-
spheric concentration (including gases, water droplets, etc.) can probably
be reflected through
Fig. 10.1
. Change in air composition is generated
by means of changes in different strata of the atmosphere and gas emis-
sion (Figs. 10.1 and
10.3
). Similarly, introduction of exotic species (e.g.,
Phytophthora infestans
,
Puccinia striiformis
f. sp.
graminis
) traveling a
long-distance and urbanization helping the foreign member to establish in
a new area (Bradley et al., 2012; Gurr et al., 2011; Matyssek et al., 2012;
Régnière, 2012). The newly developed composition of air is making suit-
able those neglected pathogen that are now contributing in development of
major diseases (Prospero et al., 2009). Such nonimportant pathogens were
out of the top-list category of pathogen due to noneconomical feature un-
der agricultural perspective. McKinnon et al. (2012) made a comprehen-
sive study on impact of climate change on the world economy. The effect
of change in climate contributed to death of almost 400 thousand people
per annum, which is ultimately of a cost for more than US$ 1.2 trillion.
The weak pathogens are adopting themselves in such a way that they
withstand to this changing condition which can be found with studies on
increased aggressiveness (Eastburn et al., 2011; Milus et al., 2009). Over-
whelming the changes of concentration of carbon dioxide (CO
2
), meth-
ane (CH
4
), nitrous oxide (N
2
O) and ozone (O
3
), increasing temperature,
uncertain precipitation are managed through the modification in host and
their structure, improving the microclimate, nutrition balance in soil and
ecological engineering of the planted crop in a manner to achieve note-
worthy impact on crop. Although, climate is recognized on accumulated
environmental summaries, that is, prevailing in a province or country or
continental (a fairly large area) for over 30 years, but change in it is how-
ever, the result of a study adopting over the last 100 years entail about the
accelerated temperature and gaseous concentration
(
http://www.esrl.noaa.
