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packet loss p , we can inspect the effects to the average role specification certificate
transmission by degree. Fig. 1 shows the difference of the role-grouped case
(grouped-pd.dat) and the role-ungrouped case (ungrouped-pd.dat). When the packet
loss is small, the difference is very small. However, as the packet loss gets bigger, the
role-ungrouped case suffers from steeply increasing packet transmission. The per-
formance enhancement obtained by role grouping is proportional to d . For the follow-
ing comparison, we set d to 50 for the performance analysis.
Fig. 1. A comparison of the expected packet transmission as a function of p and d
We examine the average packet transmission, E [ F ( l )], for the various values of
threshold m . In Fig. 2, the E [ F ( l )] becomes stable when m becomes greater than 10.
Let's calculate the impact of p on E [ F ( l )] when m =20 for two cases; one is when roles
Fig. 2. A comparison of the expected packet transmission as a function of p and m
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