Biology Reference
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69. Jungers and Baab 2009.
70. Falk, Hildebolt, et al., “The brain,” 2005.
71. Falk, Hildebolt, et al., “The brain,” 2005.
72. Cranial bones that are full of bubbles are said to be pneumatized.
73. For interesting speculation about why the skulls of
Homo erectus
might be
so thick, see Boaz and Ciochon 2004. See also skull thickness measurements in
Brown et al. 2004, supplementary table 1, and compare with similar data from
Gauld 1996. Measurements of skull thickness are from different and compara-
ble parts of the braincase in both sources. Gauld's
Homo erectus
sample consists
of specimens from both Indonesia and China.
74. Gordon, Nevell, and Wood 2008. Interestingly, these researchers believed
LB1 appeared more like the non-Asian forms of
Homo erectus
than the Asian ones.
We need to keep in mind, however, that their samples for
Homo erectus
consist of
only one Asian cranium (Sangiran 17) and two non-Asian skulls (KNM-ER 3733
from Kenya and D2700 from the Republic of Georgia). Two specimens compose
their
Homo habilis
sample—KNM-ER 1813 and OH 24.
75. Brown and Maeda 2009.
76. Jungers 2009; Jungers and Baab 2009; Jungers, Larson, et al. 2009.
77. Jungers and Baab 2009, 162.
78. According to Jungers and Baab (2009), modern pygmies are defined as
groups of people in which the average height for males is less than 4'11".
79. Larson et al. 2007, 2009. The early
Homo
specimens that manifested prim-
itive features associated with the shoulder similar to
Homo floresiensis
were KNM-
WT 15000 from Kenya and specimens from Dmanisi, the Republic of Georgia.
80. Tocheri et al. 2007.
81. Jungers, Harcourt-Smith, et al. 2009.
82. Interestingly, your foot probably does stretch as far as your wrist to the
inside of your flexed elbow—try it! LB1's fleshy foot is estimated to have been
about 196 mm by Jungers, Harcourt-Smith, et al. (2009). Her right forearm was
over 190 mm long and may have been around 205 mm according to Larson et
al. (2009). This suggests that LB1's foot length was roughly equal to her forearm
length, similar to living people. If so, this might be one piece of evidence sup-
porting the controversial hypothesis that LB1's hindlimbs were differentially
shortened as a result of insular dwarfing in an island habitat.
83. These techniques include comparative functional anatomy, cladistic anal-
ysis, and applications of various statistical methods that rely on modern com-
puting technology.
84. Gordon, Nevell, and Wood (2008) and Argue et al. (2009) include KNM-
