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villainous “normal” characters. Nonetheless, the initial reception to Freaks was
so negative that it was back-burnered by the studio and banned for decades in
Great Britain. Freaks eventually became a cult film, however, and was selected
for preservation in 1994 by the United States National Film Registry.
17. Henneberg and Thorne 2004; Weber, Czarnetzki, and Pusch 2005; Jacob
et al. 2006; Martin, Maclarnon, et al., “Flores hominid,” 2006; Martin, Maclar-
non, et al., Comment, 2006; Richards 2006; Martin 2007; Rauch et al. 2008.
18. Weber, Czarnetzki, and Pusch 2005.
19. Martin, Maclarnon, et al., Comment, 2006.
20. Dru-Drury 1919-20. “Basuto” refers to Basutoland, which was the for-
mer name for Lesotho, South Africa. According to Dru-Drury, who used corn
seeds to measure the volume of the braincase, the woman had a cranial capac-
ity of 340 cm 3 . My team CT-scanned the endocast that Bob Martin provided
and obtained a virtual endocast with a volume of 358 cm 3 .
21. Martin, Maclarnon, et al., Comment, 2006.
22. Martin and his colleagues reiterated their arguments in a second 2006
paper, “Flores hominid,” which appeared in the Anatomical Record, Part A: Dis-
coveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biolog y, but once again neglected to
provide a line drawing or photograph of LB1's endocast.
23. Had photographs of the Basuto woman's skull been included in Martin
et al.'s comment, it would have been clear that it looked nothing like LB1's, or
the Indian microcephalic's skull for that matter. Instead, the Basuto cranium
appeared “long-headed and narrow, with a lowly vault, the face narrow, with
apelike protrusion of the jaws” (Dru-Drury 1919-20, 152).
24. Falk et al. 2006.
25. Weston and Lister 2009.
26. Falk, Hildebolt, et al., “The brain,” 2005, Supporting Online Material.
27. Vogt 1867.
28. Hofman 1984.
29. Falk, Hildebolt, et al., “LB1's virtual endocast,” 2007.
30. Rauch et al. 2008.
31. Brown et al. 2004; Rauch et al. 2008.
32. Hall et al. 2004.
33. Falk, Hildebolt, et al., “LB1's virtual endocast, microcephaly” 2009.
34. Hofman 1984. These upper limits for the estimated ranges of cranial
capacities of male and female microcephalics were defined as three standard
deviations below the mean for each sample of normal individuals, as is traditional.
35. Michel Hofman kindly provided us with the data.
 
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