Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Hildebolt, et al., “The brain,” 2005. The body weight estimates used here are
from Jungers and Baab 2009, which differ from the estimates we used in “The
brain of LB1.” The updated body weight estimates place LB1 even more squarely
on the ape/australopithecine curve.
26. Falk, Hildebolt, et al., “The brain,” 2005, 245. Peter Brown had suggested
the same possibility when
Homo floresiensis
was first announced in
Nature
(Brown
et al. 2004).
27. Weidenreich 1941.
28. Weston and Lister 2009.
29. For details of the expensive tissue hypothesis, see Aiello and Wheeler
1995; and Aiello, Bates, and Joffe 2001.
30. Weston and Lister 2009, 85.
31. Phillips quoted in Gugliotta 2005.
32. Verrengia 2005.
33. Gugliotta 2005.
34. Hotz 2005.
35. Weber, Czarnetzki, and Pusch 2005; Falk, Hildebolt, et al., Response, 2005.
36. Weber, Czarnetzki, and Pusch 2005, first page.
37. Falk, Hildebolt, et al., Response, 2005.
38. This apt term was coined by my colleague from Stony Brook, William
Jungers.
7. sick hobbits, quarrelsome scientists
The first of the opening epigraphs is from Gruber 1948, 439. The second is
quoted from Bill Griffith's cult comic strip
Zippy the Pinhead,
which was partly
inspired by the well-known microcephalics William Henry Johnson (“Zip the
Pinhead,” 1842-1926), Simon Metz (“Schlitzie,” 1901-71), and the twins Jenny
Lee and Elvira Snow (“Zip and Pip” in Tod Browning's 1932 cult film
Freaks
).
1. Gee 2007.
2. The first Neanderthal fossil was unearthed in 1830 in Belgium but was not
recognized as an extinct human. Scholars also did not understand the evolu-
tionary significance of a Neanderthal skull that was recovered in 1848 at Forbes's
Quarry in Gibraltar, Spain.
3. As detailed in Regal 2004, the workers, who thought the bones might be
the remains of a cave bear, gave them to a teacher and natural historian, Johann
Karl Fuhlrott. Fuhlrott consulted with his mentor, natural historian Hermann
Schaaf hausen, from the University of Bonn. They presented their findings at
