Biology Reference
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6. As mentioned in chapter 2, one makes an endocast by coating a braincase
with liquid latex, which turns into rubber once the latex cures (frequently by
being heated). The difficult part is to remove the hollow endocast through the
hole for the spinal cord, which is in the bottom of the skull, without damag-
ing the specimen.
7. Brumm et al. 2010. This is a newly determined and older date for tools from
the site of Wolo Sege, on Flores. At the time Hobbit was discovered, the earli-
est-known tools were from Mata Menge and dated to around 840,000 years ago.
8. Moore et al. 2009; van den Bergh et al. 2009.
9. Foster 1964. The “island rule” was given its name by L. M. Van Valen (Van
Valen 1973).
10. Meiri, Cooper, and Purvis 2008.
11. Because of the prevailing southward ocean currents, it is thought that
these animals probably originated on the island of Sulawesi, to the north of
Flores, rather than on Java, to its west (van den Bergh et al. 2009).
12. This is one reason why paleoanthropologists suspect that the makers of
the over one-million-year-old tools were the ancestors of Homo floresiensis.
13. Darwin 1859; van den Bergh et al. 2009.
14. van den Bergh et al. 2009.
15. Meiri, Cooper, and Purvis 2008.
16. Jungers and Baab 2009.
17. Meiri, Cooper, and Purvis 2008; Bromham and Cardillo 2007.
18. See Bednarik, in press, for an excellent discussion about the hazards and
probable origins of seafaring in Indonesia. Some workers believe that LB1's relative
brain size was too small for Homo floresiensis to have been a dwarfed descendant of
Homo erectus (Martin, Maclarnon, et al., “Flores hominid,” 2006; Martin, Maclar-
non, et al., Comment, 2006; Martin 2007), even though data from hippopotamuses
(Weston and Lister 2009) and foxes (Schauber and Falk 2008) suggest otherwise.
The related suggestion that LB1's relative brain size was too small to have been
from any normal primate is dubious in light of its similarity to those of chimpan-
zees, australopithecines, and early Homo (Falk, Hildebolt, et al., “The brain,” 2005).
19. Dehaene 2009, 212.
20. McPherron et al. 2010.
21. Goodall 1990, 5.
22. Moore 2007; Moore and Brumm 2008; Moore et al. 2009.
23. For details, see Moore et al. 2009, 504-6.
24. Moore et al. 2009, 520-21.
25. Jacob et al. 2006; Martin, Maclarnon, et al., “Flores hominid,” 2006. For
 
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