Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
7. Falk 1983, 487.
8. Holloway 1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1991; Holloway, Broadfield, and Yuan 2001;
Holloway, Clarke, and Tobias 2004; Holloway and Kimbel 1986.
9. Falk 1985a,b, 1986, 1989, 1991; Falk, Hildebolt, and Vannier 1989.
10. Holloway 1981, 57, 50.
11. Holloway 2001.
12. The concept of mosaic evolution may be appropriate when one com-
pares the evolution of different functional systems in hominins. For example, it
is generally recognized that bipedal locomotion evolved before the evolution-
ary increase in brain size. The notion of mosaic evolution becomes awkward,
however, when applied to the surface of the cerebral cortex, because the latter
“is not a piecemeal collection of areas, each with its own discrete function, but
is a generalized processing device,” which is consistent with the observation
that functions “may play more freely over the cortical matrix specified early
in development than we have imagined” (Kaskan et al. 2005, 98). The idea that
the neocortex engages in generalized processing rather than in specific pro-
cessing within independent areas also accords with the conserved nature of
neurological development (neurogenesis) (Finlay and Darlington 1995), with
the fact that the major predictor of the sizes of various brain structures is the
size of the whole brain (Finlay and Darlington 1995), and with the remarkable
plasticity of the brain (Kaskan et al. 2005).
13. Falk 2004a.
14. Conroy et al. 1998.
15. Falk 1998.
16. Falk et al. 2000.
17. Holloway 1981.
18. Dart 1929.
19. Le Gros Clark, Cooper, and Zuckerman 1936.
20. It is beyond the scope of this topic to go into all of the details about
Taung's sulcal pattern and the history of its analyses by various workers. The
interested reader can find these in Falk 2009b.
21. Holloway 1981, 51.
22. Smith 1903, 1904a,b.
23. Allen, Bruss, and Damasio 2006.
24. Le Gros Clark, Cooper, and Zuckerman 1936.
25. This is discussed in great detail in Falk 2009b.
26. Connolly 1950.
27. Dart 1929, 179.
