THE DATABASE APPROACH - Database Design and Development: An Essential Guide for IT Professionals - page 31

Rockwell develops
GUAM software for
hierarchical data
structures.

Dr. E.F. Codd of
IBM Research writes
paper on the
relational data model.

IBM's IMS continues
to be enhanced for
the hierarchical
model.

Every leading
database vendor
offers a relational
database product.

DB vendors
provide for
newer data
types.

IBM develops IMS
database software.

Codd stipulates his
rules for the
relational model and
proposes data
manipulation
languages.

Database software
products for the
network model gain
strength.

SQL-92 becomes the
accepted standard.

Spatial
databases
introduced.

Charles Bachmann
heads team at GE that
develops IDS based
on network data
structure.

The relational model
becomes the
preferred data model.

Databases
support ERP,
DW, DM,
OLAP, and
CRM
applications.

Newer products for
the relational model
introduced by IBM,
Oracle, and other
vendors.

Database technology
becomes the
cornerstone for data
warehousing, data
mining, and Web
applications.

System R project at
IBM's San Jose
laboratory.

CODASYL is
established. DBTG is
formed as a sub-
group for database
software standards.

SQL is developed as
part of the System R
project.

Relational model
becomes accepted as
a superior model.

OODBMS and
ORDBMS emerge as
solutions to address
increasing
complexity.

First generation of
commercial database
products.

Commercial products
begin to appear on
the market.

SQL gains
importance as the
standard.

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Figure 1-13 Database industry: historical summary.

leading businesses, serves as a group to establish standards. Among the many
standards established, a major contribution by CODASYL is the set of standards
for COBOL, a leading programming language. In the late 1960s, vendors started
to release the first generation of commercial database systems supporting the
network data model. Cincom's TOTAL database management system is a primary
example.
The 1970s ushered in the era of relational database technology. Dr. Codd's foun-
dational paper on the relational model revolutionized the thinking on data systems.
The industry quickly realized the superiority of the relational model, and more and
more vendors began to adapt their products to that model.
During the 1980s, the use of database systems gained a lot of ground and a large
percentage of businesses made the transition from file-oriented data systems to
database systems. All the three leading data models—hierarchical, network, and
relational—were quite popular, although the relational model was steadily gaining
ground.
Essentially the 1990s may be considered as a period of maturity of the relational
model and the emergence of that data model as the leading one. Companies con-
sidered moving their data to relational databases from hierarchical and network
databases. Also, vendors started to incorporate the features of both relational and
object technologies in their products. Object-relational database management
systems (ORDBMSs) hit the market.
Now in the new millennium, the usage of database technology is spreading
into newer areas. Properly designed databases serve as a chief component in data
warehousing (DW), enterprise resource planning (ERP), data mining (DM), on-line
analytical processing (OLAP), and customer relationship management (CRM)
applications.