Agriculture Reference
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due to a decreased incidence of piglets being crushed by the dam. Studies looking at the
effects of n-3 FA from linseed or flaxseed oil on sow reproduction and piglet performance
are shown in Table 16.2. Addition of flax in sows' diets during gestation and lactation
can increase birth and weaning weights of their piglets (Baidoo et al. , 2003; Farmer et
al. , 2010). Boudry et al. (2009) also observed an increased gestation length in sows that
were fed a diet supplemented with 3.0% linseed oil during gestation and lactation. This is
in agreement with findings from Rooke et al. (2001c) using 1.65% salmon oil. Inclusion
of fat (8%), obtained from animal fat, rapeseed oil, fish oil, coconut oil, palm oil or
sunflower oil, into sows' diets from d 108 of gestation until d 28 of lactation improved the
weight gain of suckling piglets by increasing the output of fat and energy into sow milk
(Lauridsen and Danielsen, 2004). However, dietary supplementation with sunflower oil,
a supplier of the C18:2n-6 LA, during gestation failed to affect reproduction performance
of sows and growth of piglets during the pre-weaning period (Corson et al. , 2008; Laws
et al. , 2007a,b).
16.3.5
Effects of omega fatty acids on fatty acid profiles of sows and
piglets
The FA composition of the maternal diet in late gestation and lactation has a major impact
on the composition of FA in the suckling progeny, and this influence continues after
weaning. Indeed, the ratio of n-6:n-3 FA of the maternal diet affected the ratio of these
Table 16.2. Studies investigating the effects of supplementing sow diets with n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil
on their fatty acid profile and reproduction and on piglet growth.
Supplementation
Feeding phase
Sows
Piglets
Reference
2.0% flaxseed oil
10 d before parturition
to 14 d of lactation
Increase n-3 FA and n-3/n-6
ratio in milk
Increase n-3 FA and n-3/n-6
ratio in tissues
Bazinet et al., 2003
10% flaxseed, 6.5% flaxseed
meal, or 3.5% flaxseed oil
88 d to 212 d of age
Increase PUFA and reduce
n-6/n-3 ratio in plasma and
mammary extraparenchyma
No observation
Farmer et al., 2007
3.0% linseed oil + 2.0% lard
28 d of gestation to
weaning
Increase gestation length;
increase n-3 FA and reduce
n-6/n-3 ratio in milk and RBC
Modify intestinal FA
composition of the ileum
Boudry et al., 2009
10% flaxseed, 6.5% flaxseed
meal, or 3.5% flaxseed oil
68 d of gestation to 21
d of lactation
Increase PUFA and n-3 FA and
reduce n-6/n-3 ratio in milk
and plasma
Increase n-3 FA and reduce
n-6/n-3 ratio in the brain
Farmer and Petit,
2009
1.5% linseed oil in gestation;
5.5% linseed oil in lactation
28 d of gestation to
weaning
Increase n-3 and n-6 FA and
reduce C18:2n-6 to C18:3n-3
ratio in the plasma; increase
n-3 FA in colostrum and milk
Increase C22:6n-3 content in
the brain
de Quelen et al.,
2010
10% flaxseed, 6.5% flaxseed
meal, or 3.5% flaxseed oil
68 d of gestation to 21
d of lactation
Increase milk protein content
Reduce mortality, improve
postweaning growth
Farmer et al., 2010
3.92% or 5.25% extruded linseed
oil in gestation or lactation
28 d of gestation to
weaning
Increase n-3 FA in colostrum
and milk
Modify the long-chain n-3
PUFA status in tissues
de Quelen et al.,
2013
 
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