Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
transgenic sows. The increased lactose synthesis would result in a greater water volume
diluting the other colostrum components (Noble
et al.
, 2002).
9.14
Conclusions
The composition of sow mammary secretions is most dramatically affected by stage of
lactation. Mammary secretions from the initial 24 h after parturition are considered as
colostrum. Compared with mature milk, colostrum has high concentrations of protein,
particularly immunoglobulins, some microminerals (particularly copper, iron, iodine,
and zinc), some vitamins, and hormones and growth factors. Lactose is present in lower
concentrations in colostrum than in mature milk. Milk fat concentration transiently
increases during the period from day 2 to day 4. The composition of milk after approximately
day 7 to day 10 is relatively stable for the remainder of lactation. Diet can affect some milk
components, including concentrations of fat, fat-soluble vitamins and some minerals, as
well as proportions of specific fatty acids. Some components of sow milk also are affected
by genetics, parity, colostrum and milk yield, and ambient temperature.
References
Alston-Mills, B., Iverson, S.J. and Thompson, M.P., 2000. A comparison of the composition of
milks from Meishan and crossbred pigs. Livestock Production Science 63: 85-91.
Ariza-Nieto, C., Bandrick, M., Baidoo, S.K., Anil, L., Molitor, T.W. and Hathway, M.R., 2011.
Effect of dietary supplementation of oregano essential oils to sows on colostrum and milk
composition, growth pattern and immune status of suckling pigs. Journal of Animal Science
89: 1079-1089.
Atwood, C.S. and Hartmann, P.E., 1992. Collection of fore and hind milk from the sow and the
changes in milk composition during suckling. Journal of Dairy Research 59: 287-298.
Atwood, C.S., Toussaint, J.K. and Hartmann, P.E., 1995. Assessment of mammary gland metabolism
in the sow. II. Cellular metabolites in the mammary secretion and plasma during lactogenesis
II. Journal of Dairy Research 62: 207-220.
Azain, M.J., 1993. Effects of adding medium-chain triglycerides to sow diets during late gestation
and early lactation on litter performance. Journal of Animal Science 71: 3011-3019.
Baas, T.J., Christian, L.L. and Rothschild, M.F., 1992. Heterosis and recombination effects in
Hampshire and Landrace swine: I. Maternal traits. Journal of Animal Science 70: 89-98.
Bagnell, C.A., Steinetz, B.G. and Bartol, F.F., 2009. Milk-borne relaxin and the lactocrine hypothesis
for maternal programming of neonatal tissues. Annals of the New York Academy of Science
1160: 152-157.
Barkow, B., Matte, J.J., Bohme, H. and Flachowsky, G., 2001. Influence of folic acid supplements
on the carry-over of folates from sow to the piglet. British Journal of Nutrition 85: 179-184.
Baumrucker, C.R. and Magliaro-Macrina, A.L., 2011. Hormones in milk. Encyclopedia of Dairy
Sciences (2
nd
ed.), pp. 765-771.
Bontempo, V. and Jiang, X.R., 2015. Feeding various fat sources to sows: effects on immune status
and performance of sows and piglets. Chapter 16. In: Farmer, C. (ed.) The gestating and
lactating sow. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 357-375.
