Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
milk (Elliott
et al.
, 1971). Reports of riboflavin (B2) in colostrum range from 0.45 to 6.5
µg/ml and average 2.6 µg/ml (Table 9.6). Milk riboflavin concentration is approximately
1.28 µg/ml and reports range from 0.4 to 8.2 µg/ml (Table 9.6). Riboflavin concentration
appears to be higher in colostrum than in milk (Elliott
et al.
, 1971). Neither thiamine
nor riboflavin concentrations are affected by level of dietary protein (up to 15%; Elliott
et al.
, 1971).
In a review of the literature from 1930 to 1961, Neuhaus (1961) reported colostrum
concentrations of niacin at approximately 1.65 µg/ml and of pantothenic acid ranging
from 1.3 to 6.8 µg/ml. Vitamin B6 in sow milk (Coburn
et al.
, 1992; stage of lactation
not reported) includes 101, 563, and 45 ng/ml, respectively of pyridoxal, pyridoxal
5'-phosphate, and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate, which are considerably higher levels than
the 25 ng/ml of vitamin B6 reported for colostrum (Neuhaus, 1961). Biotin concentrations
in colostrum are approximately 53 ng/ml (Neuhaus, 1961), and in milk at day 14 of
lactation, they are 24 to 68 ng/ml (Bryant
et al.
, 1985). Bryant
et al.
(1985) observed that
milk biotin concentrations are increased in sows receiving supplemental dietary biotin.
Folate (B) in colostrum (values taken from day 1 data) has been reported at 13 to 44
ng/ml (Barkow
et al.
, 2001; Ford
et al.
, 1975; O'Connor
et al.
, 1989). Concentrations
of folate then decline by 50 to 60% by day 7 of lactation (Ford
et al.
, 1975; Matte and
Girard, 1989). Reports of folate concentrations at 16 to 28 d of lactation range from 2.3
to 13.4 ng/ml (Barkow
et al.
, 2001; Ford
et al.
, 1975; Matte and Girard, 1989; O'Connor
et
al.
, 1989). Milk folate concentrations can be increased through dietary supplementation
(Barkow
et al.
, 2001) or weekly intramuscular folic acid injections (Matte and Girard,
1989). Cobalamin (B) in colostrum is approximately 1.5 ng/ml (Ford
et al.
, 1975; Neuhaus,
1961). Ford
et al.
(1975) also quantified cobalamin in sow milk from day 7 through day
49 of lactation. Cobalamin concentrations were highest at day 14 (2.41 ng/ml) and then
ranged from 1.40 to 1.64 ng/ml through the remainder of lactation.
9.11
Cells
Total somatic cell concentration in milk is referred to as somatic cell count (SCC).
Reported estimates of SCC for sow milk have varied considerably. Some authors observed
SSC in early lactation (typically reported as day 1 or 2 of lactation) that ranged from
5.3×10
5
cells/ml (Hurley and Grieve, 1988) to 1.06×10
6
cells/ml (Schollenberger
et
al.
, 1986a), and up to 8×10
6
cells/ml (Garst
et al.
, 1999). Evans
et al.
(1982) reported
colostrum SSC ranging from 2×10
5
to 5×10
7
cells/ml (mean=1×10
7
), and Osterlundh
et al.
(1998) reported 7.9×10
6
polymorphonuclear neutrophils/ml. Observed changes in
SSC during lactation also varied among reports. Osterlundh
et al.
(1998) found that the
concentration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils significantly decreased between days
1 and 3 of lactation. Garst
et al.
(1999) reported that SCC increased linearly from day 2
to day 51 of lactation. Schollenberger
et al.
(1986a) only found SSC to be significantly
elevated at days 8 to 14 compared with colostrum SSC and did not observe a correlation
between SSC and day of lactation. Others observed no significant change in SCC from
the first day of lactation through day 28 (Hurley and Grieve, 1988). Reports of SSC at
