Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 9.5. Average and range of reported concentrations of immunoglobulins in sow colostrum and milk.
Stage of lactation
0 h
6 h
12 h
24 h
48 h
72 h
12-45 d
IgG (mg/ml)
1
Average
2
64.4
59.8
34.7
10.3
5.7
3.1
1.0
Range
3
52-102
42-87
20-61
6-20
2-10
2-5
0.2-2.3
Studies
4
12
7
5
11
6
6
4
IgA (mg/ml)
Average
13.1
11.4
9.3
5.0
3.8
4.1
4.0
Range
5.5-24
8-17
7-13
1.5-9.2
2.7-4.5
3.6-4.5
1.9-6.6
Studies
7
3
3
6
3
2
5
IgM (mg/ml)
Average
8.4
7.3
4.8
3.5
2.7
3.1
1.6
Range
1.3-10.7
1.4 -5.9
1-9
1.8-4.5
1.8-4.5
1.7-4.5
0.9-2.4
Studies
5
3
3
4
3
2
3
1
Total IgG.
2
Average of values from studies that included mammary secretion sampling at the respective time relative to parturition.
3
Range of values from studies included in determining the average value.
4
Number of studies included in determining the average value. Studies used to estimate averages included: Curtis and Bourne, 1971; Foisnet
et
al.
, 2010a,b, 2011; Frenyo
et al.
, 1981; Jackson
et al.
, 1995; Jensen and Pedersen, 1979; Klobasa
et al.
, 1987; Loisel
et al.
, 2013; Markowska-Daniel
and Pomorska-Mol, 2010; Quesnel
et al.
, 2008; Rolinec
et al.
, 2012.
declining concentrations during the initial day postpartum, although the decline in their
concentrations occurs more slowly than for IgG (Table 9.5). Immunoglobulin A becomes
the major immunoglobulin isotype present in milk by approximately day 3 of lactation.
Klobasa and Butler (1987) found that variability between individual sows in terms
of immunoglobulin concentrations in mammary secretions was too high to identify
significant differences other than for stage of lactation. No consistent differences were
observed in comparisons across parities, and no statistically significant differences were
found when comparing colostrum immunoglobulin concentrations among glands of
the sow. Quesnel (2011) observed that immunoglobulin G concentrations in colostrum
at parturition are not affected by parity, however IgG concentrations in sows with >5
parity are greater than for first parity sows at 24 h postpartum (Quesnel, 2011). Feed
restriction of sows during the two weeks prepartum decreases colostrum IgA, but not
IgG concentrations (Goransson, 1990).
9.7.6
Non-protein nitrogen
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) fraction of milk includes free amino acids, nucleotides,
amino sugars, and other nitrogen containing compounds. The total NPN fraction of milk
typically is determined by precipitating the protein fraction with trichloroacetic acid,
