Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 9.4. Average and range of reported proportions of amino acids in sow colostrum and milk and fatty
acids in sow milk.
Amino acids (% of total protein)
1
Fatty acids (% of total fatty acids)
2
Colostrum (range)
Milk (range)
Milk (range)
Alanine
4.6 (4.4-4.8)
3.4 (2.8-3.9)
C14:0
4.05 (2.3-6.4)
Arginine
5.9 (5.6-6.1)
5.2 (4.6-5.8)
C16:0
29.3 (17.0-37.0)
Aspartic acid
8.6 (7.9-9.3)
8.1 (7.3-8.6)
C16:1
9.8 (7.4-13.8)
Cystine
1.8 (1.7-1.8)
1.5 (1.3-1.7)
C18:0
4.41 (2.6-6.0)
C18:1
3
Glutamic acid
17.8 (17.5-18.1)
22.0 (18.9-28.8)
32.07 (29.4-39.2)
Glycine
3.6 (3.1-4.0)
3.2 (2.3-3.6)
C18:2n-6
15.69 (8.9-25.9)
Histidine
2.5 (2.1-3.3)
2.9 (2.3-3.9)
C18:3n-3
1.38 (0.6-2.9)
Isoleucine
3.4 (2.4-3.9)
4.0 (2.9-4.4)
C20:4n-6
0.50 (0.1-0.9)
Leucine
9.7 (9.1-10.2)
8.8 (8.1-10.1)
C20:5n-3
0.38 (0.2-0.6)
Lysine
6.7 (6.3-7.3)
7.3 (7.0-7.9)
C22:5n-3
0.39 (0.2-0.7)
Methionine
1.5 (1.2-1.7)
1.8 (1.4-2.0)
C22:6n-3
0.86 (0.2-2.1)
Phenylalanine
4.4 (4.1-4.6)
3.9 (3.6-4.2)
Proline
9.9 (9.1-10.6)
11.9 (10.9-12.3)
Serine
6.8 (6.5-7.0)
5.3 (4.5-5.8)
Threonine
5.9 (5.2-6.8)
4.1 (3.6-4.4)
Tryptophan
1.9 (1.6-2.2)
1.4 (1.3-1.6)
Tyrosine
5.0 (4.0-6.1)
4.2 (3.9-4.9)
Valine
5.8 (5.0-6.3)
4.9 (3.9-5.5)
1
For amino acids, colostrum was from within 12 h of parturition, milk is from day 17 to day 28. References used to calculate averages: Bowland,
1966; Csapo
et al.,
1996; Dourmad
et al.,
1998; Dunshea
et al.,
2005; Elliott
et al.,
1971; King, 1998.
2
For fatty acids, milk is from day 7 to day 20. References used to calculate averages: Csapo
et al.,
1996; Fritsche
et al.,
1993; Lauridsen and Danielsen,
2004; Peng
et al.,
2010; Rooke
et al.,
1998; Taugbøl
et al.,
1993.
3
Includes C18:1n-7 and C18:1n-9; C18:1n-7 is approximately 5.5% of total C18:1.
al.
, 1981; Theil
et al.
, 2004; Tilton
et al.
, 1999). Supplementation of sow diets with long-
chain triglycerides increases milk fat content compared with medium-chain triglycerides
(Azain, 1993). Colostrum fat percentage can be increased by supplementing the late
gestation diet with conjugated linoleic acid (Krogh
et al.
, 2012). Milk fat is affected by
dietary energy intake (Noblet and Etienne, 1986; Schoenherr
et al.
, 1989), and by source
of dietary energy (Coffey
et al.
, 1987; Van den Brand
et al.
, 2000). On the other hand,
neither dietary crude protein intake nor dietary lysine level affect sow milk fat (Dourmad
et al.
, 1998; Kusina
et al.
, 1999). However, milk fat concentration is affected by dietary
intake of branched chain amino acids (Richert
et al.
, 1997) and, by day 14 of lactation, it
is affected by dietary supplementation of folic acid (Wang
et al.
, 2011). Feed restriction of
sows during the two weeks prepartum significantly increases fat percentage in colostrum
collected before 15 h postpartum (Goransson, 1990).
