Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Activated carbon
Syn-gas
Cellulose
Bio-adhesives
Cellulose nanocrystals
Sugars
Phenols
Lipids
Starch
Nanocomposites
Elastin
Amino acids
Bio-surfactants
Collagen
Bio-fuels
Food supply
chain residues
Benign
extraction
Pectin
Bioconversion
Natural chelants
Chitosan
PVC replacement materials
Phytochemicals
Hemicellulose
Hydrogels
Bacterial cellulose
Chemical
monomers
Bio-solvents
PHAs
Antioxidant
lubricant fuel additives
Alcohols
Figure 2.4
Components present in FW and their uses in common consumer applications.
As shown in Figure 2.4, food waste is an eclectic mix of organic (predomi-
nantly C, H, O and N) and inorganic compounds, representing an exciting inven-
tory of chemical compounds either as feedstocks or intermediaries for further
processing [74-77].
For example, Clark and co-workers [78-80] have shown that citrus waste can
be converted into chemicals for home and personal care industries such as
limonene
1
and pectin
2
using microwave-assisted clean technologies (pectin
is the generic term for a polymer comprising galacturonic acid units of at least
65%. The acid groups may either be free (-CO
2
H), combined as a methyl ester
(-CO
2
CH
3
), or as Na
+
, K
+
, Ca
2+
or ammonium salts.)
O
R
H
O
H
H
HO
H
OH
H
O
R=CO
2
H
CO
2
+
+
+
-
Ca
2+
, NH
4
Na , K ,
1
2
