Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.2
(Continued)
Amino acid
Structure
Typical wt% (dry) of amino
acid in agricultural waste
Serine (Ser)
0.1-2.7% (jatropha seed
meal)
O
OH
HO
NH
2
Threonine
(Thr)
O
0-1.8% (rapeseed meal)
OH
HO
NH
2
Tryptophan
(Trp)
0-1.0% (cassava leaves)
O
HO
NH
2
N
H
Tyrosine (Tyr)
O
0-2.1% (cassava leaves)
HO
NH
2
OH
O
Valine (Val)
0-2.7% (soybean meal)
HO
NH
2
Molecules are ordered alphabetically. Stereoisomer shown is the predominant natural isomer. Typical wt%
of amino acid in agricultural waste is based on data from Lammens
et al
. [98] where wt% (dry) of protein
and wt% of each amino acid in the protein was given for a range of agricultural wastes. The biomass in
brackets after the higher wt% value is the biomass from the study that contained this highest quantity for
each specific amino acid.
good recovery and general high abundance over all biomass types. Others may be
limited in their availability and this will be dictated by the feedstock processed in
the biorefinery. A comprehensive review by Lammens
et al
. in 2012 investigated
the availability of protein-derived amino acids [98]. A range of biomasses suitable
as a feedstock for biorefineries were studied for their protein content, residue
