Theoretical Models of Time-Space: The Role of Transport Networks in the Shrinking and Shrivelling of Geographical Space - Methods for Multilevel Analysis and Visualisation of Geographical Networks - page 55

Fig. 4.2 Spring map of roads
in western Colorado

The spring map model can indicate the shortest directions in space. A non-
Euclidean representation by design, it presents the idea that the shortest paths often
differ from a straight line. In this perspective, it constitutes a possible proposal
to call for non-Euclidean geography ( Golledge & Hubert , 1982 ; Müller , 1982 ).
Recently, but in the same vein, a model has been formulated to introduce a three-
dimensional surface that allows for the representation of different speeds in urban
spaces ( Hyman & Mayhew , 2004 ).
Sharing a principle of construction similar to that of the spring map, the time-
space relief map was introduced in the 1990s ( L'Hostis , 1996 ; L'Hostis, Mathis, &
Polombo , 1993 ; Mathis , 1996 ). This type of representation preserves the location of
places but exploits three-dimensional resources to draw the various speeds and the
corresponding time-distances in a multimodal network.

4.1.2 Air and Road Modes As Major Inter-

and Intra-Metropolitan Transport Systems

Globalization, along with metropolitanization as its urban counterpart, is made
possible through the development of efficient, long- and short-haul transportation
systems. If metropolises can be defined as urban entities that communicate on a
global scale, then the air transportation mode constitutes the primary passenger
transportation system associated with globalization ( Sassen , 1991 ; Haggett , 2001 ).