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Fig. 12.11
(
a
) The incoming participation coefficient around Bordeaux in 1999. (
b
) The outgoing
participation coefficient around Bordeaux in 1999
Fig. 12.12
(
a
) The incoming participation coefficient around Toulouse in 1999. (
b
) The outgoing
participation coefficient around Toulouse in 1999
should reveal how much a municipality participates in the export of workers, which
is another way to understand how much it acts as a residential area that feeds other
regions with workers. Conversely, the incoming participation coefficient should
reveal how significantly several municipalities act as an attractor, bringing workers
into their local employment structure (Figs.
12.11
,
12.12
,and
12.13
).
The above figures, which show smaller cities that contribute to local employment
or that send their workers out to urban areas around major cities like Bordeaux,
Toulouse, and Lyon have color/size matrices based on the incoming/outgoing
participation coefficient.
These examples of major French urban areas illustrate the interdependent
processes of urban sprawl and polycentrism while the different indexes applied
during this stage lead to the characterization of these phenomena. Urban sprawl is
undeniably present in all of the graphs that we show: the number of municipalities
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