what-when-how
In Depth Tutorials and Information
Further Facts to
Support the Warrant
Degree of Force
Backing
Qualifier
Data
Warrant
Claim
e Fact Behind
the Claim
Logical Justification
of use of Data for Claim
e Assertion
to Commit to
Rebuttal
Condition that Suspends
the Warrant
(Unless Already Argued)
Figure8.4
Toulmin'sargumentstructure.
as game theory and decision analysis have focused traditionally on the quantita-
tive aspects of negotiation including goals, alternatives, and consequences. he
qualitative aspects of negotiation such as argumentation, social interactions, and
negotiators' perspectives are typically given low priority and are subsumed in
other quantitative concepts, although they are important in their own respect
from a practical viewpoint because in many cases negotiation approaches directly
impact the negotiation outcome. he negotiation approach proposed in this work
will capture these qualitative aspects of negotiation through the use of argumen-
tation methodologies.
Also, Jassen and Sage's study shows there are several advantages to a graphical
or structured depiction (i.e., boxes and lines as in Toulmin's argument structure)
than natural language description [Janssen and Sage 1996]. hey have stated the
reasons as follows: irst, visualization eases comprehension. he components of the
argument are explicitly represented, meaning that it is easier to identify the particu-
lar elements of an argument, and these elements of the structure provide stakehold-
ers for the elements, thereby facilitating elicitation of these elements. Second, it is
easy for the person filing the boxes to see what is missing as well as the reasoning
that has been put forth. In this regard it is easier to compare arguments between
multiple experts, and between claims and counterclaims than between statements
in generally unstructured discourse [Janssen and Sage 1996].
It is true that using Toulmin's argument structure, which is generally more
objective than implicit arguments, it is hard for stakeholders to hide bias because
the grounds and backing of an argument are clearly listed and described to support
