what-when-how
In Depth Tutorials and Information
prompted through specific steps in their tasks in a rehearsal mode and were expected
to use the memorized instructions later on in their daily lives.
he research that produced MAPS was driven by three related topics of interest:
◾
To gain a fundamental understanding of how people with moderate to severe
cognitive disabilities perceive and use information in prompting systems for
tasks on mobile handheld devices;
◾
To engage in a theoretically grounded development process of sociotechni-
cal environments supporting mobile device customization, personalization,
configuration by caregivers (meta-design), and effective use by clients (dis-
tributed intelligence); and
◾
To analyze and assess the process of adoption of MAPS by dyads of clients
and caregivers.
MAPS was one of a number of applications and frameworks developed by the
Cognitive Lever (CLever) project [4], a research group within the Center for
LifeLong Learning and Design (L3D) at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
Identifying.the.Client.Community.
An individual with cognitive disabilities is
defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV)
[1] as a person who is
“signiicantlylimitedinatleasttwoofthefollowingareas:self-care,
communication,homelivingsocial/interpersonalskills,self-direction,useofcommunity
resources, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety.”
Four different
degrees of cognitive disability are deined: mild, moderate, severe, and profound. he
target populations for MAPS are individuals with cognitive disability in the mild (IQ
50-55 to 70) and upper range of moderate (IQ 35 to 55) levels.
Independence.
Independence emerged as one of the critical concepts in our
research. Clients have the desire to live independently without the need for help and
supervision by caregivers (similar to the desire expressed by elderly people [20]). his
independence from human “coaches” is achieved with the availability of innovative
tools supporting a
distributed intelligence
approach [6]: the clients' limited inter-
nal scripts are complemented by powerful external scripts [5]. MAPS research has
explored independence specifically in the following contexts: (1) to extend the ability
to choose and do as many activities of daily living as possible; (2) to be employed, but
without the constant or frequent support and supervision of a professional job coach;
and (3) to prepare meals and to shop for weekly groceries. Independence is not at odds
with socialization; it is the foundation of inclusion and engagement in society.
7.3 TheMAPSEnvironment
MAPS [3] consists of two major subsystems that share the same fundamental struc-
ture but present different affordances for the two sets of users: (1) MAPS-DE, for
caregivers, employs Web-based script and template repositories that allow content
