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change that goes beyond the ordering of the current system. his kind of change
usually happens over decades.
Transition theory highlights the interdependency of institutions and infrastruc-
tures constituting societal systems and subsystems [6]. hese societal systems are
made up of interlocking economic, social, cultural, infrastructural, and regulative
subsystems, which are coupled with various social groups. he stability and struc-
ture of societal systems is established and reinforced through cognitive, normative,
and regulative institutions, which are signified by the concept of a regime. A regime
is a particular set of practices, rules, and shared assumptions that govern the system
and its actors. It is important to note that these regimes typically focus on optimi-
zation of a system rather than innovation. his is due to habits, existing competen-
cies, past investment, regulation, prevailing norms, worldviews, and so on, acting
to lock in patterns of behavior, and result in path dependencies for sociotechnical
development.
In contrast to these regimes, transitions require system-exceeding innovations
that change the entire structure of the network. To account for this, researchers
have singled out niches as the center of radical innovations. hese niches are simply
actors or individual technologies outside or bordering the regimes. he stability of
a regime may be compromised due to these niches, or from misalignment of actors
within a regime. Once a threat is recognized, regime actors will mobilize resources
from within the regime, and in some cases from within niches, to respond to it. A
transition occurs either when a regime is transformed, or through regime change.
In a transformation, the regime responds to the systemic and landscape changes by
changing some of its practices and rules, and possibly replacing some institutions
and actors. However, if a regime cannot adjust, it is overthrown and replaced by a
regime better suited to the dynamics of the system, and hence the regime change.
Interestingly, this model can be applied to radically different systems such as a
transportation system or a governmental system.
5.6 Conclusion
Social networks have been used to examine how organizations interact with each
other, characterizing the many informal connections that link them together, as
well as associations and connections between individuals at different organizations.
Social network analysis is important because it has been used to help understand
patterns of human contact. It is also important because it may also be an effec-
tive tool for mass surveillance. Furthermore, after studying the effectiveness of the
probabilistic model, the dynamic social networks, the small world model, and the
large-scale model, we can conclude that social network models are great tools of
measurement.
he probabilistic model and its different hypotheses have been discussed. We
now know that the individual interest factor, the group behavior factor, and the
