Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
spinal cord injury (Knoller et al. 2005 ), and as gene therapy delivery vehicles
(Burke et al. 2002 ; Pastorino et al. 2001 ).
Although the phenotypes of the macrophages used for some therapeutic applica-
tions have been partly characterized, it is unclear which features are critical for their
therapeutic effect. Currently, macrophages and other hematopoietic-derived cells
are being generated ex vivo using serum and other mixed indeterminate stimuli.
Using specific combinations of cytokines and humoral factors may allow genera-
tion of a more defined cell type with specific features that make it more therapeuti-
cally effective.
References
Addi Abduelhakem B, Lefort A, Hua X, Libert F, Communi D, Ledent C, Macours P, Tilley SL,
Boeynaems J-M, Robaye B (2008) Modulation of murine dendritic cell function by adenine
nucleotides and adenosine: involvement of the A2B receptor. Eur J Immunol 38:1610-1620
Baillie GS, MacKenzie SJ, McPhee I, Houslay MD (2000) Sub-family selective actions in
the ability of Erk2 MAP kinase to phosphorylate and regulate the activity of PDE4 cyclic
AMP-specific phosphodiesterases. Br J Pharmacol 131:811-819
Bang B, Ericsen C, Aarbakke J (1994) Effects of cAMP and cGMP elevating agents on HL-60 cell
differentiation. Pharmacol Toxicol 75:108-112
Bar-Shavit Z (2007) The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing
osteoimmune cell. J Cell Biochem 102:1130-1139
Bender AT, Beavo JA (2004) Specific localized expression of cGMP PDEs in Purkinje neurons
and macrophages. Neurochem Int 45:853-857
Bender AT, Beavo JA (2006a) Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: molecular regulation to
clinical use. Pharmacol Rev 58:488-520
Bender AT, Beavo JA (2006b) PDE1B2 regulates cGMP and a subset of the phenotypic char-
acteristics acquired upon macrophage differentiation from a monocyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 103:460-465
Bender AT, Ostenson CL, Giordano D, Beavo JA (2004) Differentiation of human monocytes
in vitro with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage colony-
stimulating factor produces distinct changes in cGMP phosphodiesterase expression. Cell
Signal 16:365-374
Bender AT, Ostenson CL, Wang EH, Beavo JA (2005) Selective up-regulation of PDE1B2 upon
monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:497-502
Boeynaems J-M, Communi D, Savi P, Herbert J-M (2000) P2Y receptors: in the middle of the
road. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:1-3
Bornfeldt KE (2006) A single second messenger: several possible cellular responses depending on
distinct subcellular pools. Circ Res 99:790-792
Boss G (1989) cGMP-induced differentiation of the promyelocytic cell line HL-60. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 86:7174-7178
Brodsky A, Davio C, Shayo C, Lemos Legnazzi B, Barbosa M, Lardo M, Morelli A, Baldi A,
Sanchez Avalos JC, Rivera E (1998) Forskolin induces U937 cell line differentiation as a result
of a sustained cAMP elevation. Eur J Pharmacol 350:121-127
Bryn T, Mahic M, Enserink JM, Schwede F, Aandahl EM, Tasken K (2006) The cyclic
AMP-Epac1-Rap1 pathway is dissociated from regulation of effector functions in monocytes
but acquires immunoregulatory function in mature macrophages. J Immunol 176:7361-7370
Burke B, Sumner S, Maitland N, Lewis CE (2002) Macrophages in gene therapy: cellular delivery
vehicles and in vivo targets. J Leukoc Biol 72:417-428
Search WWH ::




Custom Search