Environmental Engineering Reference
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(a)
(b)
Δ
ε
e
Δ
ε
p
σ
ε
σ
σ
B
A
Δ
σ
t
t
ε
2
(i) Cyclic hardening
0
ε
Δ
2
Δ
2
Δ
2
σ
σ
σ
C
t
t
ε
(ii) Cyclic softening
(c)
σ
Cyclic
σ
-
ε
curve
Monotonic
σ
-
ε
curve
ε
1. 10
(a) Cyclic stress-strain curve illustrating hysteresis loop.
11
(b) Hysteresis loops during cyclic hardening and cyclic softening.
12
(c) Comparison of cyclic stress-strain curve for cyclic hardening and
stress-strain curve under monotonic loading.
11
ε
σ
σ
ε
t
t
1. 11
An example of ratcheting fatigue.
12
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