Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6.Raffinate analysis [Akram, 2012]
Proximate and Ultimate analysis
Pattinson & Stead
TES Bretby
Moisture (wt/wt %)
37.22
45.90
Ash (wt/wt%)
16.44
6.90
Volatile matter (wt/wt%)
44.24
39.20
Nitrogen (wt/wt%)
1.7
1.82
Sulphur (wt/wt%)
0.69
0.13
Chlorine (wt/wt%)
0.94
0.19
Sodium (wt/wt%)
0.23
917 ppm
Potassium (wt/wt%)
0.68
2760 ppm
Calcium (wt/wt%)
0.002
67000 ppm
SO
3
(wt/wt%)
1.4
22400 ppm
Characteristics
Gross Calorific value
6.28
7.02
Net Calorific value
4.86
5.49
Density kg/m
3
1330
1320
Kinematic viscosity,100 °C (cSt)
2.5
3
Dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s)
0.003325
0.00396
Raffinate is a product of downstream process as compared to vinasse . Raffinate and
vainasse have very different compositions and thus expected to behave differently dur ing
combustion. Raffinate has little bit lower water content than vinasse but ash content of
raffinate is higher than that of vinasse. Raffinate has higher alkaline content (calcium ,
potassium and sodium) but lower sulphur and nitrogen content than vinasse. As alkalis are
thought to be responsible for agglomeration in fluidized bed combustion, this shows that
raffinate has higher agglomeration tendency during combustion in a fluidized bed. However,
due to higher potassium, calcium and phosphorous content, raffinate could be of a better
economical value in terms of salts recovery by incineration and using those salts as a
fertilizer.
2.3. Sugar Beet Pulp
Sugar beet pulp (SBP) is a well known potential source of cellulose. The yield of
cellulose ranges from 17 to 32% [Hasan and Nurhan, 1994]. Sugar beet pulp consists roughly
of one third cellulose, one third pectin and one third hemicelluloses [Thibault et al., 1994].
Beet pulp can be dried pulp (90% dry matter) or overpressed pulp (greater than 25% dry
matter). SBP can be used for cattle feed, feedstock for methanol production, paper production
(filler) and energy recovery [Vaccari, et al., 2005]. Good quality paper can be obtained by
using up to 33% of wastes coming from sugar factories [Vaccari, et al. 1997]. Taking into
account that a sugar factory processing 10,000 tonnes of beet per day uses every year about
400 tonnes of paper for packaging and 5 tonnes of paper for printing and writing, a
considerable portion of pulp and carbonation sludge can be reutilised for the production of
paper for in-use [Vaccari,et al. 2005].
