Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
typically ichnologically distinctive, provide a reliable
means of identifying tidal influence on sedimentation.
At the map scale, ichnological size and diversity trends
also can be related to tidal processes operating at the
scale of entire environments.
A substantial amount of work is still required before
an ichnological model that is fundamentally related to
tidal processes
per se
can be developed. First, analysis
of (tidal) trace-fossil compositions must continue, but
this work should be conducted with a focus on charac-
terizing the ethological response(s) (i.e. principal feed-
ing behaviors represented) as opposed to simply
cataloging the ichnogenera present. Decoupling the
observed “tidal” behaviors from the recurring (marine)
behavioral paradigms of the
Skolithos
Ichnofacies and
the
Cruziana
Ichnofacies will be a necessary aspect of
tidal trace-fossil interpretations. Continued analysis
of tidally modulated and tidally influenced shoreface
settings (Dashtgard et al.
2009
;
in press
;
Frey and
Dashtgard in press
) hold the promise of discerning the
tidal signal on animal-sediment responses. Second,
more examples of high-certainty tidal deposits in the
rock record need to be examined, in order to establish
better the prevailing behaviors used to exploit spatially
and temporally heterogeneous resources. In other
words, what behaviors are employed to exploit aniso-
tropically distributed resources that are present in mud
drapes? Third, the size and diversity trends in various
marginal-marine settings must be established better;
this includes documentation of the spatial distribution
of SDI in microtidal through to megatidal settings, and
testing these patterns in a range of different deposi-
tional environments. Although establishing SDI for a
range of sedimentary environments is forthcoming, the
resultant knowledge will be readily applicable to the
rock record.
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Bromley RG (1996) Trace fossils; biology, taphonomy and
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brackish-water systems through time: evidence from the
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and sedimentology of a tide-influenced delta, Lower Miocene
Chenque Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: trace-fossil dis-
tribution and response to environmental stresses. Palaeogeog
Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 273:75-86
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Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 15:169-184
Crimes TP, Goldring R, Homewood P, Van Stuijvenberg J,
Winkler W (1981) Trace fossil assemblages of deep-sea fan
deposits, Gurnigel and Schlieren flysch (Cretaceous-Eocene),
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Dalrymple RW (1984) Morphology and internal structure of
sandwaves in the Bay of Fundy. Sedimentology 31:365-382
Dalrymple RW, Knight RJ, Zaitlin BA, Middleton GV (1990)
Dynamics and facies model of a macrotidal sandbar com-
plex, Cobequid Bay - Salmon River estuary (Bay of Fundy).
Sedimentology 37:577-612
Dalrymple RW, Makino Y, Zaitlin BA (1991) Temporal and
spatial patterns of rhythmite deposition on mud flats in the
macrotidal Cobequid Bay-Salmon River estuary, Bay of
Fundy, Canada; clastic tidal sedimentology. Can Soc Petrol
Geol 16:137
Dashtgard SE (2011) Neoichnology of the lower delta plain:
Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, Canada: Implications for
the ichnology of deltas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.001
Dashtgard S, Gingras M, Pemberton S (2008) Grain-size con-
trols on the occurrence of bioturbation. Palaeogeog
Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 257:224-243
Dashtgard SE, Gingras MK, MacEachern JA (2009) Tidally
modulated shorefaces. J Sediment Res 79:793-807
Dashtgard SE, MacEachern JA, Frey SE, Gingras MK (in press)
Tidal effects on the shoreface: towards a conceptual frame-
work. Sed Geol. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.09.006, 21 p
Ekdale AA, Mason TR (1988) Characteristic trace-fossil asso-
ciations in oxygen-poor sedimentary environments. Geology
16:720-723
Frey SE, Dashtgard SE, (in press) Sedimentology, ichnology and
hydrodynamics of strait-margin, sand and gravel beaches and
shorefaces: Juan de Fuca Strait, British Columbia, Canada.
Sedimentology. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01211.x
Frey RW, Howard JD (1970) Comparison of upper Cretaceous
ichnofaunas from siliceous sandstones and chalk, Western
Interior region, U.S.A; trace fossils. Geol J Spec Issue
3:141-166
Frey RW, Howard JD (1990) Trace fossils and depositional
sequences in a clastic shelf setting, Upper Cretaceous of
Utah. J Paleo 64:803-820
Gingras MK, Pemberton SG, Saunders T, Clifton HE (1999)
The ichnology of modern and Pleistocene brackish-water
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