Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
73. For the initial hearing, see US Congress, House of Representatives,
“Biotechnology.”
74. US Congress, Offi ce of Technology Assessment, “Mapping Our Genes,”
98-99. A more comprehensive account of the politicking surrounding the es-
tablishment of the NCBI can be found in Smith, “Laws, Leaders, and Legends.”
75. US Congress, House of Representatives, “Biotechnology,” 39.
76. Interview with David Lipman, April 9, 2008, Bethesda Maryland.
77. Jordan, letter to Director, Offi ce of Human Genome Research [Gen-
Bank papers].
78. National Institute of General Medical Science and National Library of
Medicine, “First Status Report” [GenBank papers].
79. For more on Ostell's background, see chapter 1.
80. Dubuisson,
ASN.1
.
81. Ostell, “Integrated Access,” 730.
82. Ostell, “Integrated Access,” 731.
83. Ostell, “Integrated Access,” 731.
84. Ostell et al., “NCBI Data Model,” 19-20.
85. Ostell et al., “NCBI Data Model,” 20.
86. Ostell et al., “NCBI Data Model,” 43.
87. Indeed, the output of the NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
(BLAST) became a Bioseq.
88. Fischer, “Towards Quantitative Biology.”
89. Galperin and Cochrane, “Nucleic Acids Research.”
90. Bowker and Star,
Sorting Things Out
, 27.
91. Examples include Thompson,
On Growth and Form
; Waddington, ed.,
Towards a Theoretical Biology
; Kaufmann,
Origins of Order
; Prusinkiewicz
and Lindenmeyer,
Algorithmic Beauty of Plants
; Bertalanffy,
General Systems
Theory
; Varela et al., “Autopoiesis.” Artifi cial life also considered itself a kind
of theoretical biology; see Helmreich,
Silicon Second Nature
, and Keller,
Mak-
ing Sense of Life
, chapter 9.
92. Keller,
Making Sense of Life
, 237.
Chapter Six
1. Visualization and problems of representation have played a major
part in recent studies of science and medicine. See, for instance, Hannah
Landecker's study of the role of microcinematography (Landecker, “Micro-
cinematography”) or Peter Galison's study of images in high-energy physics
(Galison,
Image and Logic
). The role of computers in image making has also
been examined by Norton Wise (Wise, “Making Visible”).
2. Daston and Galison have much to say about the role of images in recent
science (Daston and Galison,
Objectivity
). They argue that recent scientifi c im-
age making marks a shift from representation to
presentation
—from attempts
to faithfully represent nature to efforts to “do things with images.” Taking
examples primarily from nanofabrication, they contend that image generation
has become inseparable from the engineering of nanoscale objects. These “hap-
tic images” function “as a tweezer, hammer, or anvil of nature: a tool to make
