Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
ment processes that produce products that are defective only 0.00034% of the
time; that is, in which defects are normally distributed, but occur only as rarely
as events six standard deviations from the mean (6-sigma events). See Stamatis,
Six Sigma Fundamentals
.
25. Vokoun, “Operations Capability Improvement,” 6.
26. Chang, “Control and Optimization.”
27. Chang, “Control and Optimization,” 65.
28. Vokoun, “Operations Capability Improvement.”
29. Vokoun, “Operations Capability Improvement,” 51.
30. Vokoun, “Operations Capability Improvement,” 49-50.
31. Vokoun, “Operations Capability Improvement,” 55-56.
32. Vokoun, “Operations Capability Improvement,” 105.
33. Several other Sloan students also applied lean production principles
and other management techniques to aspects of the Broad: Scott Rosenberg
analyzed the computer fi nishing process (Rosenberg, “Managing a Data Analy-
sis Production Line”), and Kazunori Maruyama studied the electrophoretic
sequencing process itself (Maruyama, “Genome Sequencing Technology”).
34. Disproportionate with respect to the Broad Institute as a whole,
and with respect to the profession of “biologists” as a whole. The Broad is
particularly proud of its large community of Tibetans, most of whom work at
the sequencing center; this occasioned a visit by the Dalai Lama to the Broad
Sequencing Center in 2003 during his visit to MIT. The pipette used by His
Holiness is still mounted on the wall of the sequencing center, together with his
portrait.
35. Rosenberg, “Managing a Data Analysis Production Line,” 75.
36. Rosenberg, “Managing a Data Analysis Production Line,” 82-83.
37. Rosenberg, “Managing a Data Analysis Production Line,” 59-71.
38. Rosenberg, “Managing a Data Analysis Production Line,” 78.
39. Vokoun, “Operations Capability Improvement,” 69-70.
40. National Human Genome Research Institute, “Genome Sequencing
Centers (U54).”
41. Agar,
Government Machine
. On the Treasury, see chapter 8.
42. Campbell-Kelly and Aspray,
Computer
, 105.
43. Haigh, “Chromium-Plated Tabulator.”
44. Cerruzi,
History
, 32-33.
45. Cortada,
Information Technology
, 160. On the history of computers in
business, see also Edwards, “Making History.”
46. The Beijing Genomics Institute is an especially interesting example,
since it, unlike the Broad, places its sequencing activities front and center.
Rather than suggesting a fundamentally different model, though, the BGI may
be revealing of the global dynamics of science: China and the BGI itself may
be said to constitute a “back space” that produces materials to be consumed
in the “front spaces” of US and European biomedical institutions. The world's
largest manufacturer is also emerging as the major manufacturer of sequence.
47. This kind of view is also prevalent in synthetic biology, in which
attempts have been made to strip organisms down to the bare essentials
