Introduction - Atomic Nanoscale Technology in the Nuclear Industry - page 9

•. Rutherford. backscattering. spectrometry. (RBS):. Lord. Ernest.
Rutherford.presented.the.concept.of.atoms.having.nuclei.in.1911..RBS.
measures.the.number.and.energy.of.ions.in.a.beam.that.backscatter.
after.colliding.with.atoms.in.the.near-surface.region.of.a.sample.at.
which.the.beam.has.been.targeted.
•. Neutron. relection. analysis. (NRA):. NRA. makes. use. of. the. knowl-
edge. that. the. relection. of. neutrons. (neutron. relectometry). at. a.
surface.is.very.similar.to.the.phenomenon.of.the.relection.of.light.
(optical. relectometry). demonstrated. by. Fermi.. There. is. a. light. of.
strong. interference. depending. on. the. wavelength. of. the. light,. its.
state. of. polarization,. the. thickness. of. the. layer,. and. the. refractive.
indices.of.the.media.involved.
There. are. nanoscopic. simulation. codes. for. molecular. behavior. in. solid-
state.materials,.which.are.listed.in.Table 1.2.(Gunsteren.and.Mark.1988).
Additionally,.Towhee.is.a.Monte.Carlo.molecular.simulation.code.originally.
designed.for.the.prediction.of.luid-phase.equilibrium.using.atom-based.force.
ields.and.the.Gibbs.ensemble,.with.particular.attention.paid.to.algorithms.
addressing.molecule.conformation.sampling.(Sourceforge.1988)..The.code.has.
subsequently.been.extended.to.several.ensembles,.many.different.force.ields,.
and.solid.(or.at.least.porous).phases..Furthermore,.the.Stopping.and.Range.of.
Ions.in.Matter.(SRIM).is.a.collection.of.software.packages.that.calculate.many.
features.of.the.transport.of.ions.in.matter.(Ziegler.et.al..2008).
References
Ashby,.M..F.,.and.D..R..H..Jones..2005..Engineering.materials.1..In. An introduction to
properties, applications and design ..Amsterdam:.Elsevier.Butterworth-Heinemann.
Central. Facility. for. Electron. Microscopy.. 1995.. Transmission. electron. microscope.
(TEM).. University. of. Nebraska,. Lincoln,. http://www.unl.edu/CMRAcfem/
temoptic.htm.
EGSnrc.. 2011.. Institute. for. National. Measurement. Standards,. National. Research.
Council.of.Canada.
Evans.Analytical.Group,.LLC..2011..RBS.Theory.Tutorial,.http://www.eaglabs.com/
training/tutorials/rbs_theory_tutorial/.
Forrester,.J..W..1961.. Industrial dynamics ..Cambridge,.MA:.MIT.Press.
Grosso,.G.,.and.G..P..Parravicini..2000.. Solid state physics ..San.Diego,.CA:.Academic.
Press
Gunsteren,.W..F..V.,.and.A..E..Mark..1998..Validation.of.molecular.dynamics.simula-
tion.. Journal of Chemical Physics .108:.6109-6116.
Hook,.J..R.,.and.H..E..Hall..1991. Solid state physics ..London:.Wiley.
IBM. Research.. 1998.. Low. energy. electron. microscopy,. http://www.research.ibm.
com/leem/.