Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
The.energy.equation.is.as.follows:
(
ρ
E
)
+
·( (
v E P
ρ
+
))
=
·(
k
T
)
+
S
.
(1.8)
eff
h
t
.
1.3 Methods
Atomic.nanoscale.technology.is.basically.incorporated.with.the.Monte.Carlo.
(MC).method.(Lewis.and.Miller.1984;.Manno.1999;.Palisade.2011;.Rubinstein.
2008;. Sobol. 1994;. Woller. 1996). and. the. solid-state. material. measurement.
studies. (Ashby. and. Jones. 2005;. Central. Facility. for. Electron. Microscopy.
1995;. Evans. Analytical. Group,. LLC. 2011;. Grosso. and. Parravicini. 2000;.
Hook.and.Hall.1991;.IBM.Research.1998;.Kittel.1986;.Marder.2000;.Materials.
Research. Laboratory. 2007;. Material. Science. and. Engineering. Department.
2011;.NanoScience.Instruments,.Inc..2011;.Nobelprize.org.2011;.Sander.2009;.
SilliconFarEast.2005;.UKSAF.[UK.Surface.Analysis.Forum].2006;.The.Thomas.
Group. 2011).. It. is. useful. to. account. for. any. quantitative. analysis. and. deci-
sion.making.using.the.MC.technique,.which.is.used.by.professionals.in.such.
widely.disparate.ields.as.manufacturing,.engineering,.inance,.project.man-
agement,. energy,. research. and. development,. insurance,. oil-gas,. transpor-
tation,.and.the.environment..The.MC.method.can.give.the.decision.maker.
many.possible.results.and.the.probabilities.for.any.choice.of.action..The.deci-
sion-making.analysis.could.involve.a.variety.of.cases.that.happen.every.day..
The.MC.method.was.developed.with.the.invention.of.the.atomic.bomb..MC.
simulation.has.been.used.to.model.many.applications.since.its.introduction.
in.World.War.II..The.name. Monte Carlo .is.taken.from.the.Monaco.resort.town.
renowned.for.its.casinos.
Although.it.is.generally.referred.to.as.the.MC.method.or.simulation,.it.is.a.
stochastic.technique,.meaning.that.it.is.based.on.the.use.of.random.numbers.
and.probability.statistics.to.investigate.problems..It.can.be.applied.in.a.vari-
ety.of.ields,.from.physics.to.management.problems,.which.is.one.of.its.very.
important.characteristics..Random.number.generation.is.used.for speciied.
cases. in. various problems.. Customarily,. scientiic. experiments. and. social.
matters.are.compared.with.theoretical.simulations.by.the.MC.method..This.
gives.the.reader.higher.reliability.of.the.modeling..For.example,.the.matter.
of.atomic.interactions.is.a.large.system.that can.be.sampled.in.a.number.of.
random.conigurations,.and.that.data.can.be.used.to.describe.the.system.as.
a.whole.
There. are. some. simulation. codes. for. the. MC.. Monte. Carlo. N-Particle.
Transport. (MCNP). and. Monte. Carlo. N-Particle. eXpanded. (MCNPX). are.
famous. simulation. code. systems. developed. at. the. Los. Alamos. National.
Laboratory.(LANL).for.simulating.nuclear.processes..In.addition,.the.Electron.
 
Search WWH ::




Custom Search