Investigation of Safeguards Management for Operation Security of Nanoscale Nuclear Material in Nuclear Power Plants Using Game Theory - Atomic Nanoscale Technology in the Nuclear Industry - page 136

Network Effect
FIGURE 11.7
Network.effect.model.
cables,.to.grow.above.a.certain.critical.mass.if.the.company.were.to.reap.the.
beneits.of.their.network.in.selling.the.product..He.said.that.the.cost.of.cards.
was.directly.proportional.to.the.number.of.cards.installed,.but.the.value.of.
the.network.was.proportional.to.the.square.of.the.number.of.users..This.can.
be.expressed.mathematically.as.having.a.cost.of. N .and.a.value.of. N 2 .
In.other.words,.the.connections.in.a.network.of.a.number.of.nodes. N .can.
be. written. mathematically. as. the. triangular. number. of. N ( N −. 1)/2.. This. is.
proportional. to. N 2 . asymptotically.. R.. Beckstrom. presented. a. mathemati-
cal. model. for. describing. networks. by. a. state. of. positive. network. effect. at.
BlackHat.and.Defcon.in.2009..This.also.presented.the.inverse.network.effect.
with. an. economic. model. for. deining. it. ( Forbes . 2009).. J.. Schachter. created.
an. online. system. (website). that. included. a. list. of. links. that. he. found. valu-
able..When.site.visitors.began.submitting.related.sites,.he.said.that.even.if.no.
other.user.joined,.the.system.would.still.be.valuable.to.him.(Schachter 2006).
The.network.effect.in.this.study.is.based.in.game.theory..Hence,.the.the-
oretical. background. is. explained. (Fernandez. 1998,. Miller. 2003,. Rasmusen.
2006)..Interactions.of.cases.like.the.secure.and.the.nonsecure.safeguard.cases.
are.shown.by.the.connecting.lines.in.Figure 11.7..The.nodes.and.links.are.the.
interaction.case.numbers..As.previously.stated,.it.is. N 2 ..However,.the.case.in.
this.study.is. N .×.2,.because.the.interaction.numbers.are.just.the.secure.and.
the.nonsecure.cases..This.is.shown.in.Figure 11.8.
11.3.2 Model Calculation
Figure 11.9.shows.the.event.networks.for.secure.power.operations.in.NPPs..
There.are.the.three.major.submodels.for.power.uprates.of.NPPs—neutron-
ics.matters,.thermohydraulic.matters,.and.safeguard.matters—all.of.which.
affect.secure.power.operations..Neutronics.refers.to.neutron.behavior.analy-
sis.where.energy.and.dynamics.of.neutrons.are.quantiied..Neutronics.is.crit-
ical.for.NPPs.because.nuclear.energy.is.produced.by.nuclear.fuel..Therefore,.
the. neutronics. matters. include. fuel. temperature,. fuel. uncertainty,. power.
production,.and.nuclear.data.iles..These.factors.are.important.elements.that.
affect.the.energy.of.nuclear.fuel..Each.factor.is.quantiied.using.the.Monte.