Investigation of Safeguards Management for Operation Security of Nanoscale Nuclear Material in Nuclear Power Plants Using Game Theory - Atomic Nanoscale Technology in the Nuclear Industry - page 128

Safeguard.management.with.respect.to.power.uprates.has.been.done.with.
a. nonlinear. algorithm. that. considers. neutronics. and. thermohydraulics. of.
nuclear.reactions.as.the.characteristics.of.interest..In.the.United.States,.there.
are.55.units.in.stretch.power.uprate.(SPU),.34.units.in.measurement.uncer-
tainty.recapture.(MUR),.and.12.units.in.extended.power.uprate.(EPU).(Lee.
et.al..2004)..Power.uprates.are.based.on.the.magnitude.of.the.power.increase.
and. the. uprate. methods. (U.S.. NRC. [U.S.. Nuclear. Regulatory. Commission].
2003)..MUR.power.uprates.result.in.power.level.increases.that.are.less.than.
2. percent. and. are. achieved. by. implementing. enhanced. techniques. for. cal-
culating.reactor.power..SPU.uprates.involve.power.level.increases.of.up.to.7.
percent,.and.do.not.generally.involve.major.plant.modiications..The.power.
level.increases.in.EPUs.are.greater.than.those.for.SPUs.and.usually.require.
signiicant.modiications.to.major.plant.equipment.
A.utility.will.usually.refuel.a.reactor.with.slightly.more.enriched.uranium.
fuel.or.a.higher.percentage.of.new.fuel.to.increase.the.reactor's.power.(U.S..
NRC. 2008).. Safety. factors. involve. many. NPP. components. such. as. pipes,.
valves,. pumps,. heat. exchangers,. electrical. transformers,. and. generators,.
because. increased. nuclear. power. causes. changes. in. the. stream. and. water.
low..Consequently,.approval.from.the.U.S..Nuclear.Regulatory.Commission.
(NRC).is.required.prior.to.any.changes.in.a.facility's.operating.licenses.and.
technical.speciications,.which.specify.the.maximum.power.level.(U.S..NRC.
2003)..These.operating.licenses.and.technical.speciications.are.governed.by.
Title.10.of.the.Code.of.Federal.Regulations,.Part.50.
There. are. several. studies. in. the. literature. regarding. nuclear. safeguards..
Matsuoki. and. coauthors. calculated. the. degree. of. assurance. that. nuclear.
explosive.devices.would.not.be.manufactured.with.nuclear.materials.from.
a. NPP. using. a. simple. logic. tree. and. fuzzy. linguistic. variables. (Matsuoka.
et.al..2002)..The.work.centered.on.low-enrichment.uranium.and.spent.fuel..
However,.there.is.a.limitation.involved.in.considering.terrorist.possibilities.
based. on. the. uranium. concentration. rate.. Rothschild. suggested. dual. safe-
guard.systems.(Rothschild.2007)..Using.the.exact.evaluation.of.a.single.safe-
guard. system,. it. is. expanded. as. a. dual. safeguard. system. using. the. Monte.
Carlo. algorithm.. A. dynamic. simulation. is. performed. incorporating. time.
steps.. Tagami. proposed. a. model. of. safeguards. for. N -fold. multiple. barri-
ers. with. a. simple. formula. (Tagami. 1966).. The. release. of. ission. products. is.
quantiied.with.radioactive.diffusion.equations..The.exponential.function.is.
a.major.component.of.radioactive.release..Some.operating.NPPs.were.used.
in.this.model.
For. these. types. of. investigation,. analytic. and. dynamic. methods. are. per-
formed..Figure 11.1.shows.an.overview.of.modeling.for.the.coniguration.of.
safe.power.operation..The.dynamic.method.is.done.by.the.quantities.of.the.
dynamical.scenarios..Section.11.2.explains.several.factors.for.modeling..The.
time-based.method.for.modeling.is.given.in.Section.11.3..Section.11.4.shows.
results.of.the.study.and.conclusions.are.offered.in.Section.11.5.