Introduction - Air-Ice-Ocean Interaction - page 11

ocean boundary layer (OBL) physics. Without vertical platform (ship) motion and
the complicating factor of surface gravity waves, it was relatively easy to measure
small velocity fluctuationsacross much of the turbulentspectrum. Wind-drivenice
typicallydriftswith the maximumvelocity in OBL, andgivenits considerablemo-
mentum,itprovidesaremarkablysteadyplatformfromwhichtomeasurethesmall
fluctuationsinvelocityandscalarcontaminantsthatconstituteturbulentexchange.
In the intervening years I have participated in more than 20 polar field pro-
grams in both hemispheres. In addition to descriptions of SHEBA and AIDJEX
already provided, some of the projects that provided additional data used in this
volumewere:
Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX, June-July 1984): A multinational,
multi-shipprojectintheGreenlandSea/FramStraitregion.Wemademeasurements
from two different floes drifting near the ice edge, supported by the M/V Po la r
Queen . Late in the project, northerly winds blew our floe across an upper-ocean
temperature front marking the boundary of an eddy identified later in satellite im-
agery. After crossing into the warmer water, turbulent heat flux increased dramati-
cally(Section5.2).
Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX, March-April 1989): A
late winter project north of Fram Strait established by aircraft. It mostly drifted
along the NW flank of Yermak Plateau, and was notable in that in contrast to most
of the Arctic Ocean experiments, the main driving was tidal and internal ice stress
gradientsratherthan wind,themixedlayer wasrelativelydeep,with nounderlying
cold,saline layer.
Ice Station Weddell (ISW, February-April 1992): A drift station following
closely the track of HMS Endurance in 1915-1916east of the Antarctic Peninsula
(Gordon et al. 1993). The station was deployed by the Soviet research ice breaker
R/V Federov , and recovered during the maiden voyage of the R/V Nathaniel B.
Pa lmer , chartered for the US National Science Foundation.My turbulence appara-
tuswasdeployedandoperatedbyR. AndersenandD. Martinson.
The Lead Experiment (LeadEX,March-April1992):Anambitiousexperiment
designed to move an entire ice camp by helicopters and/or snow machines to the
edges of freezing leads within hours of the lead opening. The main station was
deployed by air about 300km NNE of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. We deployed to four
differentleads(Section5.3andFig. 5.12).
The Antarctic Zone Flux Experiment (ANZFLUX, June-August1994):Win-
terexperimentintheeasternWeddellSea,withtwodrifts,onewestofandtheother
over Maud Rise (a seamount centered near 65 ◦ S, 3 ◦ E.) In several storms we en-
countered extreme conditions of stress and heat flux in the upper ocean (McPhee
etal.1996).
Ice Station Polarstern (ISPOL, November 2004-January2005):A drift exper-
iment in early summer near the track of ISW (and the Endurance ), supported by
the German research icebreaker, R/V Polarstern . We drifted with a relatively large
heterogeneousfloe made up of multiyear and first-year ice fragments. in the west-
ern Weddell (Hellmer et al. 2006), forced by a combination of wind, tides, and
meanflow.