Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 6.14
Average turbulence measurements during the VMF exercise, binned according to tidal
flow velocity. Error bars show
one standard deviation in the 15-min turbulence realizations for
each bin. (
a
) Friction velocity. Solid line is a least-squares fit through the origin; the dot-dashed
curve is the law of the wall for a hydraulically smooth surface. (
b
) Turbulent heat flux. The solid
line is a least squares regression for heat flux against current speed; the light dashed lines are
confidence limitsfor thefit. (
c
) Sameasbexcept for salinityflux
±
Why the freezing process should be fundamentally different from melting (in
terms of double-diffusive effects in the IOBL) is apparently due to the fact that
solidificationoccursbytheadvanceofmushylayersinwhichconvectionwithinthe
ice lattice relievesthe doublediffusive tendency:see, e.g., Wettlaufer et al. (1997),
Notz (2005), and Feltham et al. (2006). During melting, the ice undersurface is
observed to be uniformly smooth and the diffusion of salt into the crystal lattice
apparentlytakesona completelydifferentcharacter.
