Petrology and geochemistry of annually laminated stalagmites from an Alpine cave (Obir, Austria): seasonal cave physiology - Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls - page 308

Fig. 9. Line scan of Pb (three-point moving average of analyses at 5 mm intervals in sample Obi84) using
X-ray fluorescence induced by relatively low-energy synchrotron radiation. The concentrations have been
normalized to ppm using the mean composition from ICP-MS analysis in the same interval. The depth beneath
the top surface of visible annual laminae in a similar, but different slice of the sample is shown as is the magnitude
of autumn (September to December) rainfall since the year 1922. The highest Pb peak is closest to 1946 in
the chronology of the other slice, but there is a registration uncertainty of +3 years because of the curvature of
the laminae.
Fig. 10. Obir84, level within the area of the EBSD map of Figure 2. X-ray elemental mapping at ultra-high resolution,
sample Obi 84, induced by relatively low-energy synchrotron radiation. (a) a low-resolution map (400 100 mm),
showing the development of four annual laminae rich in Pb. (b) high-resolution maps, 30 30 mm with 1 mm pixels of
Pb, Zn, P and Mg. The Pb map displays a 15 mm-wide zone of enrichment with two 1 - 2 mm high-Pb zones within
it. The enrichment zone is also displayed, but less prominently in the Zn and P maps. All maps show an oblique structure
running from upper right to lower left, seen to correspond to crystallite development by the zig-zag pattern of
the Pb zones. The grey shade linear scale-bar below the image has the following upper and lower limits in counts:
Pb (0 - 154), Zn (0 - 12), P (0 - 31) and Mg (0 - 22). (c) X-ray emission energy spectrum showing the location of peaks
used to produce the maps. Elements in small type are too insignificant to quantify. The excitation energy was 2.9 keV
and the peak at around this energy is due to scattering.