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neuropsychiatric illnesses, appear to involve more than one genetic locus. In
such cases, future genome-wide association studies using circuit-based endo-
phenotypes will have to demonstrate that variations at multiple loci (when quan-
titative trait loci become quantitative trait nucleotides), which produce
alterations in gene dosage or allele specific expression, are both necessary and
sufficient to produce the alterations in the functional subprocesses and their me-
diating neurocircuitry.
7.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Work on this was supported by funding from the National Institute of Drug
Abuse (grants 14118 and 09467), the Office of National Drug Control Policy,
the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (ONDCP-CTAC), and the
Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Radiology. This work was fur-
ther supported, in part, by the National Center for Research Resources
(P41RR14075), the Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery (MIND) Insti-
tute, and the Division on Addictions, Harvard Medical School. We thank By-
oung Woo Kim and Joe Mandeville for their technical consultation, and James
Howard for his assistance and editorial input.
8.
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