Potential Application of Nanoparticles as Antipathogens - Advanced Materials for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Safety - page 352

biological entities been explored for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles.
h e use of highly-structured physical and biosynthetic activities of micro-
bial cells for the synthesis of nanosized materials has recently emerged
as a novel approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, e.g., synthe-
sis of nanoscale, semiconducting CdS crystals in the yeast Schizosaccha
Schizosaccharomyces pombe and production of silver nanoparticles with
periplasmic space of Pseudomonas stutzeri [81].
Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticle is an eco-friendly method which
does not use harsh, toxic and expensive chemicals. Biosynthesis of metallic
nanoparticles using microorganisms is an emerging fabulous eco-friendly
science of well-dei ned sizes, shapes and controlled monodispersity [82-83].
h e green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles includes the use of biologi-
cal agents such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast and plants [84-87].
In green nanotechnology, dif erent microorganisms produce inorganic
materials, either intracellularly or extracellularly, with properties similar to
chemically synthesized material.
Literatures have reported green synthesis of nanoparticles using dif er-
ent microbes for example silver nanoparticles was synthesized by Penicillium
fellutanum [88] and copper oxide by Streptomyces Sp. for the development of
antimicrobial textiles which can be useful in hospitals to prevent or to minimize
infection from pathogenic bacteria [89] and copper oxide was also synthe-
sized by using Escherichia coli with a variable size and shapes [90]. Meanwhile,
the use of fungi is potentially exciting. Compared to bacteria, fungi hold great
promise for large-scale nanoparticles production because they secrete a large
amount of enzymes which are involved in MNP biosynthesis and are simpler
to grow both in the laboratory as well as on an indrustrial scale. Nanoparticles
can also be synthesized using dif erent fungal species for example Fusarium
oxysporium was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles [91].
h e organisms used in the synthesis of nanoparticles vary from simple
prokaryotic bacterial cells to complex eukaryotes. Important steps are:

• Selection of the best organism which shows enzyme activi-

ties and biochemical pathways.

• Optimal condition for all growth and enzyme activity, e.g.,

nutrient, inoculums size, light, temperature and pH should
be optimized.

• Optimal reaction condition.

h e biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by using plant extract
has received more attention as a suitable alternative to chemical proce-
dures and physical methods.