Environmentally-Friendly Acrylates-Based Polymer Latices - Advanced Materials for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Safety - page 155

Huang et al. [63] studied the emulsion copolymerization of methyl
methacrylate and octyl acrylate by using ammonium sulfate allyloxy non-
ylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) (10) ether (DNS-86) as a a reactive surfac-
tant, and a conventional surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
(DBS), with a similar structure as a comparison sample. A series of latex
samples were prepared with two kinds of surfactants, and their proper-
ties characterized and compared. Analysis by 1 H-NMR proves that the
reactive surfactant was incorporated into the resulting copolymers. h e
atomic force microscopy (AFM) proves that the reactive surfactant DNS-
86 migrates to the surface of the latex i lm to a much less degree than the
conventional surfactant DBS. h e stability and water-resistance of the latex
i lms prepared by reactive surfactant DNS-86 were found to be better than
those prepared by the conventional surfactant DBS.
Cationic surfactants are important as corrosion inhibitors, fuel and lubri-
cating oil additives, germicides and hair conditioners. Important applica-
tions of cationic surfactants in textiles include their use as fabric sot eners,
i xatives for anionic dyes and dyeing rate retarders for cationic dyes. Cationic
and anionic surfactants are usually incompatible. Cationic surfactants are
compatible with nonionics and zwitterionics. Usage of cationic surfactants
is small compared to anionics and nonionics. h e common types of cat-
ionic surfactants are long-chain amines and quarternary amine salts. h e
amphoteric/zwitterionic surfactants are very mild, making them particularly
suited for use in personal care and household cleaning products. h ey can be
anionic (negatively charged), cationic (positively charged) or nonionic (no
charge) in solution, depending on the acidity or pH of the water. h ey are
compatible with all other classes of surfactants and are soluble and ef ec-
tive in the presence of high concentrations of electrolytes, acids and alkalis.
h ese surfactants have excellent dermatological properties. h ey are fre-
quently used in shampoos and other cosmetic products, and also in hand
dishwashing liquids because of their high foaming properties. An example
of an amphoteric/zwitterionic surfactant is alkyl betaine.
h e most commonly used anionic surfactants are alkyl sulphates, alkyl
ethoxylate sulphates, and soaps. Apart from this, the use of other anionic
surfactants such as alkylated disulphonated diphenyl oxide surfactant hav-
ing C 6 -C 16 hydrophobes (Dowfax series), sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate
(Aerosol series) and some nonionic surfactants such as octyl and nonyl
phenol polyethoxylate are also reported [64, 65]. A detailed analysis of
the performance of Dowfax 2AI as an emulsii er in styrene/butadiene was
reported by Vanderhof et al. [66].
h e presence of surfactant inl uences the kinetics of polymerization
and ultimately the bulk i lm properties. Freeney et al. [67] explained the