Environmental Engineering Reference
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wall, it exhibits lower bonding capability and deterioration of mechanical
properties [64]. A longer time is required for polymerization of the resin
with problems of leachable resin from i ber, and worse, producing higher
formaldehyde emission compared to the high molecular weight PF.
Impregnation with the PF was better than that of the UP; however, at er
considering the Duncan's multiple range test results, not much signii cant
dif erence in physical properties was observed between the PF and UP
resins where the maximum reduction of MC (at the signii cant highest
pressure) was found to be 94.66 and 94.08%, respectively, while for WA,
the results were found to be 80.72 and 79.76%, respectively. h is less sig-
nii cant ef ect of using dif erent impregnation agents can also be seen in
their regression trends. Contrary to mechanical properties, it is found that
the i ber impregnated with UP was signii cantly dif erent than with PF, as
shown in the regression trends. h e maximum tensile strength for PF and
UP was found to be 22.11 and 40.77%, respectively, while elongation at
break was found to be 24.05 and 75.12%, respectively. A signii cantly lower
tensile strength and elongation at break of PF gives a signii cant reduc-
tion in i ber toughness by 73.94% for i bers impregnated at a pressure of
500 mmHg compared to UP and the control sample. h e use of i ber with
such properties should be avoided because it is unreliable in sustaining
the durability of its composites during service conditions. According to
statistical analysis on UP-impregnated i bers, for physical and mechani-
cal properties, the optimum impregnation pressure was found to be 600
mmHg at er no signii cant increase was seen when the pressure increased
to 500 mmHg. At er considering the results obtained for both physical and
mechanical properties, and at er taking into account human health, envi-
ronmental factors, and processability, it is worth stating that in order to
enhance the properties of sugar palm i ber, the i ber should be impreg-
nated with UP resin at an impregnation pressure of 600 mmHg for 5 min.
5.4 Conclusions
A study on impregnation modii cation via vacuum resin impregnation at
various impregnation pressures and with dif erent impregnation resins on
physical and mechanical properties of sugar palm i ber were carried out.
h e i nding showed that:
1. h ere was signiicant improvement in physical and
mechanical properties when the impregnation pressure was
increased to 500 mmHg from 1000 mmHg, which indicated
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