Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
3. As a latecomer to global oil need and extraction, China has been selecting
among fi elds that may have already been passed over by more established oil
companies, which selected larger, fi ner, and more accessible fi elds. Due to
increased competition, oil companies are also seeking oil in terrain more diffi cult
politically, geographically, and geologically. See Patey 2007 on the departure of
U.S.-based Chevron and Canada-based Talisman from Sudan. See http://www
.AmazonWatch.org on U.S.-based Occidental Petroleum's exit from U'wa terri-
tory in Colombia following transnational campaigning.
4. Shirk (2007) cites three sources—two Chinese and one American—for these
fi gures. See Johnson (2004) on recent community-level resistance to and lawsuits
against tax increases, police brutality and arrests, and loss of home ownership
in China.
5. In November 2009, the Burmese government confi scated land, which villagers
believed would be given to China National Offshore Oil Company (CNOOC).
At this time, approximately seventy villagers traveled into Thailand and Malaysia
following demonstrations against CNOOC. See the news report by Tin (2009).
6. China's oil companies entered Burma in 2001.
7. On Nigeria, see Kashi and Watts 2008 as well as Okonta and Douglas 2001.
8. Sudan exports about 60 percent of its oil to China; see Hanson 2008.
9. China is both a provider and a recipient of international loans.
10. As of February 2010, it does not appear as if these investment proposals
have been realized.
11. Exports from Latin America to China rose seven times between 1999 and
2005, while imports to Latin America tripled during the same period; see Jenkins,
Peters, and Moreira 2008.
12. “O Petróleo Tem Que Ser Nosso!,” special issue of a newsletter by the
National Committee against Oil and Gas Privatization, presented at the World
Social Forum, held in Belem, Brazil, January 27, 2009.
13. “Energy, Sustainable Development, Income Distribution, Valorization of
Work, and Sovereignty: CUT Proposals,” prepared by CUT-Brazil (Central Única
dos Trabalhadores), November 2008; obtained at the World Social Forum,
Belem, Brazil, January 2009.
14. Southern unions from South Africa, South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, and
India met at the 2009 World Social Forum to strengthen Southern alliances and
to counter what they perceive as a Northern dominance at the International
Labor Organization. Though China was not represented, strong Southern alli-
ances could infl uence the standards of China's overseas operations.
15. I conducted research on community-oil confl icts in Ecuador on six occasions
between 2001 and 2009.
16. In 2005, EnCana sold its Ecuadorian operations to the Chinese consortium,
Andes Petroleum, which includes China National Petroleum Corporation and
China Petrochemical Corporation; see “China Oil Firm Buys EnCana Assets in
Ecuador” 2005.
