Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
was conducted in Spanish. All of the translations into English for this chapter
are by the author. I supplemented the survey with thirty-fi ve interviews of key
actors in the environmental movement sector. For more information on the data
collection procedures, contact the author.
7. These projects are not always entirely devoid of environmental justice themes;
rather, the themes that might be framed as environmental justice, such as human
health, are often tertiary. Reforestation projects are framed as a means by which
locals can protect watersheds and thus provide clean water. Clean water for local
communities is not the central goal of the program; however, it is included as
another potential benefi t. This aim has been added in the thirty years since
international agents have engaged in environmental issues in Ecuador. Initially,
it was enough to focus on conservation; over time, human aspects have been
added, as has been true throughout the world with the rise of the concept of
sustainable development. Additionally, ecoresistance to ecoimperialism has
forced INGOs to include local benefi ts in projects because “pure conservation”
has not succeeded on the ground.
8. Relationships among national NGOs, the state, and INGOs is different in
countries that have membership organizations, such as those in the Czech Repub-
lic (see Carmin and Jehliˇka 2005).
9. For example, Jatun Sacha charges a fee for volunteers to work at their
reserves; Fundación Maquipucuna uses its reserve to attract ecotourists where it
sells its own organically grown, bird- and butterfl y-friendly coffee. Most national
groups have numerous strategies such as these.
10. A director of a mainstream organization noted that AE receives a small
amount of funding from a California-based organization. In the 1990s, AE
received small grants from a number of European countries, including Spain,
Italy, and Germany.
11. See www.vidaparaquito.com.
References
Agyeman, Julian. 2005.
Sustainable Communities and the Challenge of Environ-
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Bandy, Joe, and Jackie Smith, eds. 2005.
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Brulle, Robert J. 2000.
Agency, Democracy and Nature: The U.S. Environmental
Movement from a Critical Theory Perspective
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Brulle, Robert J. 2009. The U.S. Environmental Movement. In Kenneth A.
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211-227. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Dumping in Dixie
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Mobilization
7(3):305-324.
